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在农民眼里,河流(包括土地问题)不再是纯粹自然的因素,而是类似一种古典诗歌的意境,即风水。世世代代乡民根据自己的风水理念,选择这样的意境并栖居在其中。可是,在社会主义中国的科学技术话语里,河流属于水利科学范畴。1950年代以来,国家在广大乡村推动了各种水利工程和农田基本建设运动。这些工程不仅仅是为解决旱涝和土地耕作便利问题,实际上是把科学的“水利”与“农业”概念带进乡土社会,并附着以国家意志,以此破除风水迷信,置换原有风水理念,同时也是把雨水本来由“老天爷赐给的”情形转变成国家分配的状况。本文试图通过集体化时代山东两村落一起水利冲突的事件及该村和所在区域的农田水利基本建设运动去展现这一过程,以此观察两种观念的冲突与交流,并探明国家如何隐藏在农田水利基本建设概念背后悄然进入了乡村世界,从容地把乡村从传统宗族及风水习俗的“桎梏”中解救出来,纳入了国家管理范畴,从而在细部上把握当代中国的历史进程。
In the eyes of peasants, rivers (including land issues) are no longer purely natural factors, but a conception similar to a classical poem, ie Feng Shui. Throughout the generations, villagers choose this kind of conception and inhabit it according to their own concept of Feng Shui. However, in the socialist discourse of science and technology in China, rivers belong to the scientific category of water conservancy. Since the 1950s, the state has promoted various water conservancy projects and farmland capital construction campaigns in vast rural areas. These projects are not just solutions to the problems of droughts and floods and land farming, they actually bring the concepts of “water conservancy” and “agriculture” into the local society and attach themselves to the will of the state so as to eliminate the superstitions of feng shui, Replacement of the original concept of Feng Shui, but also to the rain from the “God’s gift ” situation into a state of distribution. This article tries to show the process through the water conservancy conflicts in two villages in Shandong Province during the collectivization era and the irrigation and water conservancy capital construction movement in the village and region to observe the conflict and exchange between the two concepts and to find out how the country is hidden Behind the concept of farmland water conservancy construction quietly entered the rural world, calmly rescuing villages from the traditional “clam” of the traditional clan and feng shui customs, into the national management category, so as to grasp in detail the historical process of contemporary China.