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一、关系词的选用
关系代词有which, that, who, whom, whose, as等; 关系副词有when, where, why等。其中that和why不能用于非限制性定语从句中。关系词的选用主要依据两条原则:一是指代什么;二是充当什么成分。
1. which指物，作主语、宾语、表语或定语。例如:
① This is the table which was bought yesterday.
② The book which we talked about is on my desk.
③ The two policemen were completely trusted, which in fact, they were.
④ We told him to see the doctor, which advice he took.
⑤ The treasure, some of which has been recovered, has been sent to the British Museum.
2. that指物或人，作主语、宾语或表语。例如:
① The train that has just left is for Shanghai.
② He is the man that my brother visited last month.
③ China is not the country that she was fifty years ago.
3. who指人，作主语(在非正式英语中也可用作宾语)。例如:
① Do you know the boy who is standing over there?
② The man who I saw is called Albert.
4. whom指人，作宾语。例如:
① He is the man whom I met on holiday.
② I want to find someone with whom I can discuss such things.
③ They are the new students, most of whom come from the west.
5. whose指人或物，作定语。例如:
① This is the girl whose father is a doctor.
② Can you see the house whose windows face the east?
6. as指人或物，作主语、宾语或表语。
(Ⅰ)在限制性定语从句中，as主要用于以下固定结构the same as, the same…as, such as, such…as, as many as, as much as, as…as, so…as等。例如:
① Let’s discuss only such questions as concern every one of us.
② I have never heard such stories as she tells.
③ My hometown is no longer the same as it was.
(Ⅱ)在非限制性定语从句中，as也构成了固定的结构as we can see, as was said before, as is often said, as is well known, as often happens, as has been pointed out等。而这种结构可放在句首、句中或主句之后，有“正像……，正如……”等含义。例如:
① As we can see, great changes have taken place in our hometown.
② Great changes, as we can see, have taken place in our hometown.
③ Great changes have taken place in our hometown, as we can see.
另外， than和but也可用作关系代词，指人或物。例如:
① You spent more money than was intended to be spent.
② There are few but admires his talent.
7. when指时间，作状语。例如:
① I will never forget the day when I joined the Army.
② The summer of 1969, when men first set foot on the moon, will never be forgotten.
另外，since, before或after也可用作指代时间的关系副词。例如:
① Every day since we came here has been most enjoyable.
② On the day before we started off, it was raining heavily.
③ The years after he returned from abroad were full of opportunities for him.
8. where指地点，作状语。例如:
① This is the house where my mother used to live.
② Honolulu is the city where East-West Center is located.
9. why指原因,作状语。例如:
① Traffic jam is the reason why he was late.
② Do you know the reason why they didn’t attend the meeting?
二、关系代词的用法区别
由于as在定语从句中主要用在固定结构中，而which, that和who则不能，因此，它们之间的区别很明确。
(Ⅰ)that和which
1.先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，或先行词是数词时，用that，不用which。例如:
① This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.
② This is the last book that he gave me.
③ Can you see the three that are under the table?
2. 先行词被all, every, each, no, some, any, little, few, none, much, the very, the only, the same等修饰时用that，不用which。例如:
① We have little time that we can spare.
② Beijing is the very city that I want to visit.
3. 先行词为all, something, everything, much, little, few, one等不定代词时，多用that。例如:
① He told me everything that he knew.
② All that remains for me to do is to say goodbye.
4. 先行词由物和人共同组成时，用that，不用which。例如:
① Can you see the boy and some goats that are running down the hill?
② The men and the guns that will be sent to the front are on the trucks.
5. 句中已存在了which时，为避免重复，用that，不用which。例如:
① Which is the pen that you bought yesterday?
② I want to buy a house which is large and that lies near our school.
6. 在there be结构中，用that，不用which。例如:
① There are three bags of rice in the kitchen that belong to me.
② There is a refrigerator that stands in the corner of the room.
7. 关系词前有介词时,用which,不用that。例如：
① The book about which we talked is on the desk.
② This is the room in which I lived last week.
8. 在非限制性定语从句中用which，不用that。例如:
① He failed his exam, which proves that he wasn’t working hard.
② Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.
③ This is the house, the windows of which were broken.
9. 先行词为that, those时，用which,不用that。例如:
① That which upsets me most is his manners.
② Those which are in the corner of the room are yours.
(Ⅱ)that与who, whom的区别
1. 先行词为those, one, all, any, he, somebody等时,多用who, whom。例如:
① Those who respect others are usually respected by others.
② He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
③ I will find somebody whom you can go with.
2. 句中有who时,用that,不用who。例如:
Who is the girl that is standing over there?
3. 先行词被the very, the only, the right, the same等修饰时，用that,不用who。例如:
① He is the very man that you are looking for.
② She is the only person that I want to see.
4. 在非限制性定语从句中用who, whom, 不用that。例如：
① They have a daughter, who has gone abroad for further study.
② This is Mr. Smith, whom I met at a party last week.
5. 先行词作表语时，用that,不用who, whom。例如:
① She isn’t the kind of person that she was.
② That was the distinguished actor that he later became.
(Ⅲ)whose与which的区别
1. whose作定语时，指代的是某个表示人或物的名词。而which指代的是整个句子，或用在in which case, at which point, on which occasion, by which time等结构中。例如:
① He is the man whose car was stolen.
② This is the house whose windows were broken.
③ They cut down all the trees on the mountains, which result worries us much.
④ The speaker paused to examine his notes, at which point a loud crash was heard.
(Ⅳ)from which与from where的区别
在from which中，which指代的是某个名词或代词; 在from where中，where指代的是副词或介词短语。例如:
① There is a small woods near our village, from which we can pick up many mushrooms.
② He was standing on the roof, from where he could see the enemy’s moving.
三、定语从句中的主谓一致
定语从句中谓语动词的数要和先行词保持一致。
1. 在分隔性定语从句中准确确定先行词
① He bought some books from the bookstore, which are useful.
(some books为先行词,谓语动词用复数)
② He saw a cow in the woods, which was his brother’s.
(a cow为先行词,谓语动词用单数)
2. 先行词为整个句子
① The factory has made many new tractors for the farmers, which is encouraging.(整个句子为先行词,谓语动词用单数)
② They said they had been working in the workshop for hours, which was true. (整个句子为先行词,谓语动词用单数)
3. 与中心词保持一致
① He is one of the students who are from the countryside.
(与the students 保持一致,谓语动词用复数)
② Tom is the only one of my friends who has been invited to the party.(与the only one 保持一致,谓语动词用单数)
四、关系代词与关系副词的转换
1. 在the time when, the place where, the reason why结构中，when,where, why可省略，或用that代替。这种用法一般用于口语或非正式语体中。例如:
① I still remember the summer that (when) we had the big drought.
② I know a place that (where) you can buy this kind of bicycle.
③ That wasn’t the reason that (why) he lied to you.
2. which前加介词可代替when, where或why。例如:
① I still remember the day on which (when) I first came to Beijing.
② This is the house in which (where) my parents used to live.
③ I don’t know the reason for which (why) he was late for school.
3. of which或of whom可代替whose。例如:
① It was an agreement whose details could not be altered.
It was an agreement the details of which could not be altered.
It was an agreement of which the details could not be altered.
② He took care of Little Tom whose guardian he was.
He took care of Little Tom of whom he was guardian.
五、关系词的省略
在限制性定语从句中有些关系词可以省略,但是,在非限制性定语从句中就不能省略。
1. which, that, who, whom作宾语时可以省略，但介词后的which或 whom则不能省略。例如:
① This is the house my mother used to live in.
② The person to whom I complained is the manager.
2. when, where, why, that等关系副词或“介词+which”在句中作状语时，可以省略。例如:
① I will never forget the year we worked together on the farm.
(省略了when, that或in which)
② I don’t know any place you can get a better exchange rate.
(省略了where, that或at which)
③ That wasn’t the reason he lied to you.
(省略了why, that或for which)
3. that作表语时可以省略。例如:
① She is no longer the girl she was before she went to college.
② The village is not the place it used to be twenty years ago.
4. 在there be句型中，关系代词可以省略。例如：
① This is the fastest train there is to Beijing. (省略了that)
② There are only eight persons live in the lonely village.
(省略了that或who)
5. way作先行词时，后面可用in which, that或省略关系词。例如:
① That was the way in which she looked after us.
② This is the way that she did it.
③ I don’t like the way he speaks.
关系代词有which, that, who, whom, whose, as等; 关系副词有when, where, why等。其中that和why不能用于非限制性定语从句中。关系词的选用主要依据两条原则:一是指代什么;二是充当什么成分。
1. which指物，作主语、宾语、表语或定语。例如:
① This is the table which was bought yesterday.
② The book which we talked about is on my desk.
③ The two policemen were completely trusted, which in fact, they were.
④ We told him to see the doctor, which advice he took.
⑤ The treasure, some of which has been recovered, has been sent to the British Museum.
2. that指物或人，作主语、宾语或表语。例如:
① The train that has just left is for Shanghai.
② He is the man that my brother visited last month.
③ China is not the country that she was fifty years ago.
3. who指人，作主语(在非正式英语中也可用作宾语)。例如:
① Do you know the boy who is standing over there?
② The man who I saw is called Albert.
4. whom指人，作宾语。例如:
① He is the man whom I met on holiday.
② I want to find someone with whom I can discuss such things.
③ They are the new students, most of whom come from the west.
5. whose指人或物，作定语。例如:
① This is the girl whose father is a doctor.
② Can you see the house whose windows face the east?
6. as指人或物，作主语、宾语或表语。
(Ⅰ)在限制性定语从句中，as主要用于以下固定结构the same as, the same…as, such as, such…as, as many as, as much as, as…as, so…as等。例如:
① Let’s discuss only such questions as concern every one of us.
② I have never heard such stories as she tells.
③ My hometown is no longer the same as it was.
(Ⅱ)在非限制性定语从句中，as也构成了固定的结构as we can see, as was said before, as is often said, as is well known, as often happens, as has been pointed out等。而这种结构可放在句首、句中或主句之后，有“正像……，正如……”等含义。例如:
① As we can see, great changes have taken place in our hometown.
② Great changes, as we can see, have taken place in our hometown.
③ Great changes have taken place in our hometown, as we can see.
另外， than和but也可用作关系代词，指人或物。例如:
① You spent more money than was intended to be spent.
② There are few but admires his talent.
7. when指时间，作状语。例如:
① I will never forget the day when I joined the Army.
② The summer of 1969, when men first set foot on the moon, will never be forgotten.
另外，since, before或after也可用作指代时间的关系副词。例如:
① Every day since we came here has been most enjoyable.
② On the day before we started off, it was raining heavily.
③ The years after he returned from abroad were full of opportunities for him.
8. where指地点，作状语。例如:
① This is the house where my mother used to live.
② Honolulu is the city where East-West Center is located.
9. why指原因,作状语。例如:
① Traffic jam is the reason why he was late.
② Do you know the reason why they didn’t attend the meeting?
二、关系代词的用法区别
由于as在定语从句中主要用在固定结构中，而which, that和who则不能，因此，它们之间的区别很明确。
(Ⅰ)that和which
1.先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，或先行词是数词时，用that，不用which。例如:
① This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.
② This is the last book that he gave me.
③ Can you see the three that are under the table?
2. 先行词被all, every, each, no, some, any, little, few, none, much, the very, the only, the same等修饰时用that，不用which。例如:
① We have little time that we can spare.
② Beijing is the very city that I want to visit.
3. 先行词为all, something, everything, much, little, few, one等不定代词时，多用that。例如:
① He told me everything that he knew.
② All that remains for me to do is to say goodbye.
4. 先行词由物和人共同组成时，用that，不用which。例如:
① Can you see the boy and some goats that are running down the hill?
② The men and the guns that will be sent to the front are on the trucks.
5. 句中已存在了which时，为避免重复，用that，不用which。例如:
① Which is the pen that you bought yesterday?
② I want to buy a house which is large and that lies near our school.
6. 在there be结构中，用that，不用which。例如:
① There are three bags of rice in the kitchen that belong to me.
② There is a refrigerator that stands in the corner of the room.
7. 关系词前有介词时,用which,不用that。例如：
① The book about which we talked is on the desk.
② This is the room in which I lived last week.
8. 在非限制性定语从句中用which，不用that。例如:
① He failed his exam, which proves that he wasn’t working hard.
② Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.
③ This is the house, the windows of which were broken.
9. 先行词为that, those时，用which,不用that。例如:
① That which upsets me most is his manners.
② Those which are in the corner of the room are yours.
(Ⅱ)that与who, whom的区别
1. 先行词为those, one, all, any, he, somebody等时,多用who, whom。例如:
① Those who respect others are usually respected by others.
② He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
③ I will find somebody whom you can go with.
2. 句中有who时,用that,不用who。例如:
Who is the girl that is standing over there?
3. 先行词被the very, the only, the right, the same等修饰时，用that,不用who。例如:
① He is the very man that you are looking for.
② She is the only person that I want to see.
4. 在非限制性定语从句中用who, whom, 不用that。例如：
① They have a daughter, who has gone abroad for further study.
② This is Mr. Smith, whom I met at a party last week.
5. 先行词作表语时，用that,不用who, whom。例如:
① She isn’t the kind of person that she was.
② That was the distinguished actor that he later became.
(Ⅲ)whose与which的区别
1. whose作定语时，指代的是某个表示人或物的名词。而which指代的是整个句子，或用在in which case, at which point, on which occasion, by which time等结构中。例如:
① He is the man whose car was stolen.
② This is the house whose windows were broken.
③ They cut down all the trees on the mountains, which result worries us much.
④ The speaker paused to examine his notes, at which point a loud crash was heard.
(Ⅳ)from which与from where的区别
在from which中，which指代的是某个名词或代词; 在from where中，where指代的是副词或介词短语。例如:
① There is a small woods near our village, from which we can pick up many mushrooms.
② He was standing on the roof, from where he could see the enemy’s moving.
三、定语从句中的主谓一致
定语从句中谓语动词的数要和先行词保持一致。
1. 在分隔性定语从句中准确确定先行词
① He bought some books from the bookstore, which are useful.
(some books为先行词,谓语动词用复数)
② He saw a cow in the woods, which was his brother’s.
(a cow为先行词,谓语动词用单数)
2. 先行词为整个句子
① The factory has made many new tractors for the farmers, which is encouraging.(整个句子为先行词,谓语动词用单数)
② They said they had been working in the workshop for hours, which was true. (整个句子为先行词,谓语动词用单数)
3. 与中心词保持一致
① He is one of the students who are from the countryside.
(与the students 保持一致,谓语动词用复数)
② Tom is the only one of my friends who has been invited to the party.(与the only one 保持一致,谓语动词用单数)
四、关系代词与关系副词的转换
1. 在the time when, the place where, the reason why结构中，when,where, why可省略，或用that代替。这种用法一般用于口语或非正式语体中。例如:
① I still remember the summer that (when) we had the big drought.
② I know a place that (where) you can buy this kind of bicycle.
③ That wasn’t the reason that (why) he lied to you.
2. which前加介词可代替when, where或why。例如:
① I still remember the day on which (when) I first came to Beijing.
② This is the house in which (where) my parents used to live.
③ I don’t know the reason for which (why) he was late for school.
3. of which或of whom可代替whose。例如:
① It was an agreement whose details could not be altered.
It was an agreement the details of which could not be altered.
It was an agreement of which the details could not be altered.
② He took care of Little Tom whose guardian he was.
He took care of Little Tom of whom he was guardian.
五、关系词的省略
在限制性定语从句中有些关系词可以省略,但是,在非限制性定语从句中就不能省略。
1. which, that, who, whom作宾语时可以省略，但介词后的which或 whom则不能省略。例如:
① This is the house my mother used to live in.
② The person to whom I complained is the manager.
2. when, where, why, that等关系副词或“介词+which”在句中作状语时，可以省略。例如:
① I will never forget the year we worked together on the farm.
(省略了when, that或in which)
② I don’t know any place you can get a better exchange rate.
(省略了where, that或at which)
③ That wasn’t the reason he lied to you.
(省略了why, that或for which)
3. that作表语时可以省略。例如:
① She is no longer the girl she was before she went to college.
② The village is not the place it used to be twenty years ago.
4. 在there be句型中，关系代词可以省略。例如：
① This is the fastest train there is to Beijing. (省略了that)
② There are only eight persons live in the lonely village.
(省略了that或who)
5. way作先行词时，后面可用in which, that或省略关系词。例如:
① That was the way in which she looked after us.
② This is the way that she did it.
③ I don’t like the way he speaks.