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1. little, a little
[同] 两者都可用作名词､形容词或副词,均可以在句中作主语､宾语､定语或状语｡作定语时,两者都只用来修饰不可数名词｡
[异] little 表示否定含义,意为“很少;几乎没有”, a little 表示肯定含义,意为“有一些;有一点儿”｡例如:
—Can you speak English? 你会讲英语吗?
—Yes, but only a little. 会,但只会一点儿｡
I am new here, I know little about the school. 我是新来的,对这个学校不太了解｡
He sleeps little. 他睡得少｡
He slept a little. 他睡了一会儿｡
[练习] 用 little 或 a little 填空｡
1. I have very ______ time for reading.
2. I have______time, so I can help you.
3. We have lots of homework every day. We sleep very______ .
Key: 1. little 2. a little3. little
2. All right, That’s right, That’s all right
[同] 这三个短语和句子中都含有right, 形式上相似｡
[异] 1) “All right.”单独使用时,表示同意对方的意见或邀请,意为“行,好,可以”, 相当于“OK.”｡例如:
—Let’s play soccer. 咱们踢足球吧!
—All right. 好吧!
2) “That’s right.”表示同意对方的看法或观点,意为“对,不错;的确”,相当于“You’re right.”｡例如:
—I think she is twelve.我认为她12岁｡
—That’s right. 不错｡
3) “That’s all right.”主要有两种用法:一是用来回应别人的感谢,意为“不用谢”或“别客气”,相当于“Not at all./That’s OK./You’re welcome.”;二是用来回答别人的道歉,意为“没关系”,相当于“That’s OK./It doesn’t matter.”｡例如:
(1) —Thank you very much. 非常感谢你!
—That’s all right. 别客气｡
(2) —I’m sorry. I’m late. 对不起,我来晚了!
—That’s all right. 没关系｡
[练习] 用 All right, That’s right 或 That’s all right 填空｡
1. —Let’s meet at six this afternoon.
—______.
2. —Thanks for your help.
—______.
3. —Sorry, I can’t help you.
—______.
4. —You come from Shanghai, I think.
—______.
Key : 1. All right2. That’s all right3. That’s all right
4. That’s right
3. family, house, home
[同] 這三个词都与“家”有关｡
[异] 1) family 意为“家庭”,与家庭成员有关,不涉及居住的房子｡当 family 作整体概念的“家庭”解且在句中作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式; 当 family 作“家庭各个成员”解并作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式｡例如:
My family is happy. 我的家庭很幸福｡
My family are very well. 我的家人身体都很好｡
2) house 意为“房子”,侧重于表示全家人所居住的建筑物｡例如:
We live in a new house. 我们住在新房子里｡
There are many new houses here. 这儿有许多新房子｡
3) home 意为“家”,指一个人出生和居住的地方,它具有 house 所没有的感情色彩,如情感､团聚等｡ home 还可用作副词,意为“到家”､“在家”｡例如:
My home is in Beijing. 我的家在北京｡
My home is not far from school. 我的家离学校不远｡
East, west, home is best. 金窝,银窝,不如自己家的草窝｡
Tom isn’t at school. He’s at home. 汤姆没上学,他在家里｡
[练习] 用 family, house 或 home 填空｡
1. There are three people in my______ , my father, my mother and I.
2. He bought a new______at a good price.
3. My______are watching TV now.
4. When do you often get______ ?
5. I live in Wuhan, but my______is in Guangdong.
Key: 1. family2. house3. family4. home5. home
4. and, with
[同] 两者都可表示“和”的意思｡
[异] and 是连词,连接两个并列的词､词组或句子,可译为“和”､“而”､“又”等,由 and 连接的前后成分的形式应相同｡with是介词,其后跟名词或代词作宾语,意为“和……一起”或“跟……一道”,其后跟人称代词时,人称代词要用宾格形式｡例如:
I like swimming and dancing. 我喜欢游泳和跳舞｡
I help him with his English and he helps me with my math. 我帮他学英语,他帮我学数学｡
Tom often goes shopping with me. 汤姆经常跟我一起去购物｡
[练习] 用and 或with填空｡
1. The boy is______his mother.
2. Let’s go______play soccer.
3. Our teacher is very strict______I’m usually very tired after class.
4. I’m very well.______you?
5. Would you like to go______her?
6. We get up at 6∶30,______then we have a quick breakfast.
Key: 1. with2. and3. and4. And5. with6. and
5. very, very much
[同] 两者都可作副词用,在句中充当状语,意为“很;非常;十分”｡
[异] very 用以修饰形容词或副词且放在所修饰的形容词或副词之前,而 very much 常用来修饰动词,通常放在所修饰的动词之后｡例如:
The room is very small. 这房间很小｡
Wang Hai listens very carefully in class. 王海上课听讲非常认真｡
She likes English very much. 她非常喜欢英语｡
[练习] 用very, very much 翻译下列句子｡
1. 他的英语很好｡
2. 他英语讲得很好｡
3. 非常感谢你｡
Key: 1. His English is very good.
2. He speaks English very well.
3. Thank you /Thanks very much.
6. what time, when
[同] 兩者都可用来对时间进行提问｡在询问某一时间的活动时,可以互换｡例如:
What time/When do you get up every day? 你每天几点起床?
[异] 1) what time 一般用来询问钟点或某事在哪个时刻发生,希望知道的时间比用 when 所询问的时间具体｡例如:
—What time is it? 几点了?
—It’s 9∶15. 九点一刻｡
What time does your mother go to bed every day? 你妈妈每天几点睡觉?
2) when 可以对钟点､日期或者笼统的时间提问｡例如:
(1) —When do you usually do your homework? 你通常什么时候做作业?
—In the evening. 在晚上｡
(2) —When is your birthday? 你的生日是哪一天?
—My birthday is February 3. 二月三日｡
[练习] 用 what time 或 when 对下列句子的划线部分提问｡
1. It’s five thirty now.
2. My father goes to work at 7∶00.
3. Lily’s birthday is on October 10.
4. I watch TV on weekends.
Key: 1. What time is it now?
2. What time/When does your father go to work?
3. When is Lily’s birthday?
4. When do you watch TV?
7. play, play with
[同] 两者都有“玩”的意思｡
[异] 1) play 是一个多义动词｡在表示“玩”的意思时,既可用作不及物动词,也可用作及物动词｡作及物动词用时,其后若接表示乐器名称的名词时,名词前面应有定冠词 the;若接表示球类名称或棋牌名称的名词时,名词前一般不加冠词,表示运动或娱乐｡例如:
The children are playing in the park. 孩子们正在公园里玩｡
She plays the piano very well. 她钢琴弹得很棒｡
Let’s go and play soccer. 我们去踢足球吧｡
2) play with 指“玩耍”或“玩弄”,一般多用于小孩子或动物,后接表示人或物的名词｡ play with sth 意为“玩弄某物”; play with sb 多作“和某人一起玩”解｡例如:
The boy likes playing with a cat. 那男孩喜欢玩猫｡
It’s dangerous to play with fire. 玩火危险｡
Look! Tom is playing with his sister over there. 瞧,汤姆和他妹妹一起在那边玩耍｡
[练习] 用play或play with的适当形式填空｡
1. Jim is______chess with Li Lei.
2. He______basketball every Thursday afternoon.
3. I like to______my dog, Nick.
4. The students are______on the playground now.
5. Don’t______other things in class.
Key: 1. playing2. plays3. play with4. playing5. play with
8. job, work
[同] 两者都可以用作名词,作“工作”解｡
[异] 1) job 既指“职业”,也指临时的或某项具体的工作,一般是相对于“失业”而言的,是可数名词｡例如:
What is his job? 他是干什么工作的?
She has a job as a teacher. 她是一位教师｡
You did a good job. 你做得不错｡
John is looking for a job. 约翰正在找一份工作｡
2) work 泛指各种工作,和“休息”相对｡它一般表示抽象意义的工作,是不可数名词｡指“一件要做的事情”时,要用 a piece of work｡例如:
I have a lot of work to do every day. 我每天有许多工作要做｡
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只工作不休息,聪明孩子也变傻｡
What time do you usually go to work? 你通常几点上班?
[练习] 用 job 或 work 填空｡
1. —Where is Miss Wang?
—She is at______ .
2. My father is looking for a______these days.
3.______comes first.
4. She did a good______ .
Key: 1. work.2. job3. Work4. job
9. know,know about
[同] 两者都含有“知道;了解”之意｡
[异] 1) know 作“知道;懂得”解时,其后一般接表示事物的名词､从句或动词不定式复合结构｡当它作“认识;了解;熟悉”解时,其后既可接表示人的名词,也可接表示事物的名词｡例如:
She doesn’t know your address. 她不知道你的地址｡
Do you know where he lives? 你知道他住哪儿吗?
I know what you mean. 我懂你的意思｡
Do you know her? 你认识她吗?
I know Wuhan very well. 我非常熟悉武汉｡
2) know about 意为“了解”或“知道有关……的情况”,指的是对某人或某事的性格､性质､特点等有所了解｡例如:
My parents don’t know about computers. 我的父母不懂电脑｡
I want to know something about your English study. 我想了解一下你學习英语的情况｡
[练习] 请将下列句子译成英语｡
1. 对不起,我不知道他的名字｡
2. 她非常熟悉我｡
3. 我想了解更多关于中国的情况｡
4. 她认识我,可并不了解我｡
5. —露茜来自美国｡ —是的,我知道｡
Key: 1. Sorry, I don’t know his name.
2. She knows me very well.
3. I want to know more about China.
4. She knows me, but she doesn’t know about me.
5. —Lucy comes from America.
—Yes, I know.
10. at/in school, at/in the school
[同] 两者都可表示“在校”之意｡
[异] at school 和 in school 都表示“上学;求学”之意,强调处于在学校读书或学习的阶段中,二者可以互换使用,只不过前者是英国英语,后者是美国英语｡例如:
My sisters and I are all at/in school. 我和我的姐妹们都在学校读书｡
而 at the school 和 in the school 表示在具体某个学校内,均强调地点,两者也可相互换用｡ school 前有时也可以用物主代词或指示代词等起限定作用的词｡例如:
He is an English teacher at/in the/this school. 他是那/这所学校的英语老师｡
[练习] 用 at/in school 或 at/in the school 翻译下列句子｡
1. 今天魏芳没有上学｡
2. 她在这附近的一所学校教书｡
Key: 1. Wei Fang isn’t at/in school today.
2. She teaches at/in a school near here.
[同] 两者都可用作名词､形容词或副词,均可以在句中作主语､宾语､定语或状语｡作定语时,两者都只用来修饰不可数名词｡
[异] little 表示否定含义,意为“很少;几乎没有”, a little 表示肯定含义,意为“有一些;有一点儿”｡例如:
—Can you speak English? 你会讲英语吗?
—Yes, but only a little. 会,但只会一点儿｡
I am new here, I know little about the school. 我是新来的,对这个学校不太了解｡
He sleeps little. 他睡得少｡
He slept a little. 他睡了一会儿｡
[练习] 用 little 或 a little 填空｡
1. I have very ______ time for reading.
2. I have______time, so I can help you.
3. We have lots of homework every day. We sleep very______ .
Key: 1. little 2. a little3. little
2. All right, That’s right, That’s all right
[同] 这三个短语和句子中都含有right, 形式上相似｡
[异] 1) “All right.”单独使用时,表示同意对方的意见或邀请,意为“行,好,可以”, 相当于“OK.”｡例如:
—Let’s play soccer. 咱们踢足球吧!
—All right. 好吧!
2) “That’s right.”表示同意对方的看法或观点,意为“对,不错;的确”,相当于“You’re right.”｡例如:
—I think she is twelve.我认为她12岁｡
—That’s right. 不错｡
3) “That’s all right.”主要有两种用法:一是用来回应别人的感谢,意为“不用谢”或“别客气”,相当于“Not at all./That’s OK./You’re welcome.”;二是用来回答别人的道歉,意为“没关系”,相当于“That’s OK./It doesn’t matter.”｡例如:
(1) —Thank you very much. 非常感谢你!
—That’s all right. 别客气｡
(2) —I’m sorry. I’m late. 对不起,我来晚了!
—That’s all right. 没关系｡
[练习] 用 All right, That’s right 或 That’s all right 填空｡
1. —Let’s meet at six this afternoon.
—______.
2. —Thanks for your help.
—______.
3. —Sorry, I can’t help you.
—______.
4. —You come from Shanghai, I think.
—______.
Key : 1. All right2. That’s all right3. That’s all right
4. That’s right
3. family, house, home
[同] 這三个词都与“家”有关｡
[异] 1) family 意为“家庭”,与家庭成员有关,不涉及居住的房子｡当 family 作整体概念的“家庭”解且在句中作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式; 当 family 作“家庭各个成员”解并作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式｡例如:
My family is happy. 我的家庭很幸福｡
My family are very well. 我的家人身体都很好｡
2) house 意为“房子”,侧重于表示全家人所居住的建筑物｡例如:
We live in a new house. 我们住在新房子里｡
There are many new houses here. 这儿有许多新房子｡
3) home 意为“家”,指一个人出生和居住的地方,它具有 house 所没有的感情色彩,如情感､团聚等｡ home 还可用作副词,意为“到家”､“在家”｡例如:
My home is in Beijing. 我的家在北京｡
My home is not far from school. 我的家离学校不远｡
East, west, home is best. 金窝,银窝,不如自己家的草窝｡
Tom isn’t at school. He’s at home. 汤姆没上学,他在家里｡
[练习] 用 family, house 或 home 填空｡
1. There are three people in my______ , my father, my mother and I.
2. He bought a new______at a good price.
3. My______are watching TV now.
4. When do you often get______ ?
5. I live in Wuhan, but my______is in Guangdong.
Key: 1. family2. house3. family4. home5. home
4. and, with
[同] 两者都可表示“和”的意思｡
[异] and 是连词,连接两个并列的词､词组或句子,可译为“和”､“而”､“又”等,由 and 连接的前后成分的形式应相同｡with是介词,其后跟名词或代词作宾语,意为“和……一起”或“跟……一道”,其后跟人称代词时,人称代词要用宾格形式｡例如:
I like swimming and dancing. 我喜欢游泳和跳舞｡
I help him with his English and he helps me with my math. 我帮他学英语,他帮我学数学｡
Tom often goes shopping with me. 汤姆经常跟我一起去购物｡
[练习] 用and 或with填空｡
1. The boy is______his mother.
2. Let’s go______play soccer.
3. Our teacher is very strict______I’m usually very tired after class.
4. I’m very well.______you?
5. Would you like to go______her?
6. We get up at 6∶30,______then we have a quick breakfast.
Key: 1. with2. and3. and4. And5. with6. and
5. very, very much
[同] 两者都可作副词用,在句中充当状语,意为“很;非常;十分”｡
[异] very 用以修饰形容词或副词且放在所修饰的形容词或副词之前,而 very much 常用来修饰动词,通常放在所修饰的动词之后｡例如:
The room is very small. 这房间很小｡
Wang Hai listens very carefully in class. 王海上课听讲非常认真｡
She likes English very much. 她非常喜欢英语｡
[练习] 用very, very much 翻译下列句子｡
1. 他的英语很好｡
2. 他英语讲得很好｡
3. 非常感谢你｡
Key: 1. His English is very good.
2. He speaks English very well.
3. Thank you /Thanks very much.
6. what time, when
[同] 兩者都可用来对时间进行提问｡在询问某一时间的活动时,可以互换｡例如:
What time/When do you get up every day? 你每天几点起床?
[异] 1) what time 一般用来询问钟点或某事在哪个时刻发生,希望知道的时间比用 when 所询问的时间具体｡例如:
—What time is it? 几点了?
—It’s 9∶15. 九点一刻｡
What time does your mother go to bed every day? 你妈妈每天几点睡觉?
2) when 可以对钟点､日期或者笼统的时间提问｡例如:
(1) —When do you usually do your homework? 你通常什么时候做作业?
—In the evening. 在晚上｡
(2) —When is your birthday? 你的生日是哪一天?
—My birthday is February 3. 二月三日｡
[练习] 用 what time 或 when 对下列句子的划线部分提问｡
1. It’s five thirty now.
2. My father goes to work at 7∶00.
3. Lily’s birthday is on October 10.
4. I watch TV on weekends.
Key: 1. What time is it now?
2. What time/When does your father go to work?
3. When is Lily’s birthday?
4. When do you watch TV?
7. play, play with
[同] 两者都有“玩”的意思｡
[异] 1) play 是一个多义动词｡在表示“玩”的意思时,既可用作不及物动词,也可用作及物动词｡作及物动词用时,其后若接表示乐器名称的名词时,名词前面应有定冠词 the;若接表示球类名称或棋牌名称的名词时,名词前一般不加冠词,表示运动或娱乐｡例如:
The children are playing in the park. 孩子们正在公园里玩｡
She plays the piano very well. 她钢琴弹得很棒｡
Let’s go and play soccer. 我们去踢足球吧｡
2) play with 指“玩耍”或“玩弄”,一般多用于小孩子或动物,后接表示人或物的名词｡ play with sth 意为“玩弄某物”; play with sb 多作“和某人一起玩”解｡例如:
The boy likes playing with a cat. 那男孩喜欢玩猫｡
It’s dangerous to play with fire. 玩火危险｡
Look! Tom is playing with his sister over there. 瞧,汤姆和他妹妹一起在那边玩耍｡
[练习] 用play或play with的适当形式填空｡
1. Jim is______chess with Li Lei.
2. He______basketball every Thursday afternoon.
3. I like to______my dog, Nick.
4. The students are______on the playground now.
5. Don’t______other things in class.
Key: 1. playing2. plays3. play with4. playing5. play with
8. job, work
[同] 两者都可以用作名词,作“工作”解｡
[异] 1) job 既指“职业”,也指临时的或某项具体的工作,一般是相对于“失业”而言的,是可数名词｡例如:
What is his job? 他是干什么工作的?
She has a job as a teacher. 她是一位教师｡
You did a good job. 你做得不错｡
John is looking for a job. 约翰正在找一份工作｡
2) work 泛指各种工作,和“休息”相对｡它一般表示抽象意义的工作,是不可数名词｡指“一件要做的事情”时,要用 a piece of work｡例如:
I have a lot of work to do every day. 我每天有许多工作要做｡
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只工作不休息,聪明孩子也变傻｡
What time do you usually go to work? 你通常几点上班?
[练习] 用 job 或 work 填空｡
1. —Where is Miss Wang?
—She is at______ .
2. My father is looking for a______these days.
3.______comes first.
4. She did a good______ .
Key: 1. work.2. job3. Work4. job
9. know,know about
[同] 两者都含有“知道;了解”之意｡
[异] 1) know 作“知道;懂得”解时,其后一般接表示事物的名词､从句或动词不定式复合结构｡当它作“认识;了解;熟悉”解时,其后既可接表示人的名词,也可接表示事物的名词｡例如:
She doesn’t know your address. 她不知道你的地址｡
Do you know where he lives? 你知道他住哪儿吗?
I know what you mean. 我懂你的意思｡
Do you know her? 你认识她吗?
I know Wuhan very well. 我非常熟悉武汉｡
2) know about 意为“了解”或“知道有关……的情况”,指的是对某人或某事的性格､性质､特点等有所了解｡例如:
My parents don’t know about computers. 我的父母不懂电脑｡
I want to know something about your English study. 我想了解一下你學习英语的情况｡
[练习] 请将下列句子译成英语｡
1. 对不起,我不知道他的名字｡
2. 她非常熟悉我｡
3. 我想了解更多关于中国的情况｡
4. 她认识我,可并不了解我｡
5. —露茜来自美国｡ —是的,我知道｡
Key: 1. Sorry, I don’t know his name.
2. She knows me very well.
3. I want to know more about China.
4. She knows me, but she doesn’t know about me.
5. —Lucy comes from America.
—Yes, I know.
10. at/in school, at/in the school
[同] 两者都可表示“在校”之意｡
[异] at school 和 in school 都表示“上学;求学”之意,强调处于在学校读书或学习的阶段中,二者可以互换使用,只不过前者是英国英语,后者是美国英语｡例如:
My sisters and I are all at/in school. 我和我的姐妹们都在学校读书｡
而 at the school 和 in the school 表示在具体某个学校内,均强调地点,两者也可相互换用｡ school 前有时也可以用物主代词或指示代词等起限定作用的词｡例如:
He is an English teacher at/in the/this school. 他是那/这所学校的英语老师｡
[练习] 用 at/in school 或 at/in the school 翻译下列句子｡
1. 今天魏芳没有上学｡
2. 她在这附近的一所学校教书｡
Key: 1. Wei Fang isn’t at/in school today.
2. She teaches at/in a school near here.