AIM: To investigate the regulatory effect of Vδ1 T cells and the antitumor activity of Vδ2 T cells in rectal cancer.METHODS: Peripheral blood, tumor tissues and paracarcinoma tissues from 20 rectal cancer patients were collected. Na?ve CD4 T cells from the peripheral blood of rectal cancer patients were purified by negative selection using a Naive CD4+ T Cell Isolation Kit Ⅱ(Miltenyi Biotec). Tumor tissues and para-carcinoma tissues were minced into small pieces and digested in a triple enzyme mixture containing collagenase type Ⅳ, hyaluronidase, and deoxyribonuclease for 2 h at room temperature. After digestion, the cells were washed twice in RPMI1640 and cultured in RPMI1640 containing 10% human serum supplemented with L-glutamine and 2-mercaptoethanol and 1000 U/m L of IL-2 for the generation of T cells. Vδ1 T cells and Vδ2 T cells from tumor tissues and para-carcinoma tissues were expanded by anti-TCR gδ antibodies. The inhibitory effects of Vδ1 T cells on na?ve CD4 T cells were analyzed using the CFSE method. The cytotoxicity of Vδ2 T cells on rectal cancer lines was determined by the LDH method.RESULTS: The percentage of Vδ1 T cells in rectal tumortissues from rectal cancer patients was significantly increased, and positively correlated with the T stage. The percentage of Vδ2 T cells in rectal tumor tissues from rectal cancer patients was significantly decreased, and negatively correlated with the T stage. After culture for 14 d with 1 mg/m L anti-TCR gδ antibodies, the percentage of Vδ1 T cells from para-carcinoma tissues was 21.45% ± 4.64%, and the percentage of Vδ2 T cells was 38.64% ± 8.05%. After culture for 14 d, the percentage of Vδ1 T cells from rectal cancer tissues was 67.45% ± 11.75% and the percentage of Vδ2 T cells was 8.94% ± 2.85%. Tumor-infiltrating Vδ1 T cells had strong inhibitory effects, and tumor-infiltrating Vδ2 T cells showed strong cytolytic activity. The inhibitory effects of Vδ1 T cells from para-carcinoma tissues and from rectal cancer tissue were not significantly different. In addition, the cytolytic activities of Vδ2 T cells from para-carcinoma tissues and from rectal cancer tissues were not significantly different.CONCLUSION: A percentage imbalance in Vδ1 and Vδ2 T cells in rectal cancer patients may contribute to the development of rectal cancer. AIM: To investigate the regulatory effect of Vδ1 T cells and the antitumor activity of Vδ2 T cells in rectal cancer. METHODS: Peripheral blood, tumor tissues and paracarcinoma tissues were collected from 20 rectal cancer patients. Na ve CD4 T cells from the peripheral blood of rectal cancer patients were purified by negative selection using a Naive CD4 + T Cell Isolation Kit II (Miltenyi Biotec). Tumor tissues and para-carcinoma tissues were minced into small pieces and digested in a triple enzyme mixture containing collagenase type IV, hyaluronidase, and deoxyribonuclease for 2 h at room temperature. After digestion, the cells were washed twice in RPMI1640 and cultured in RPMI1640 containing 10% human serum supplemented with L-glutamine and 2-mercaptoethanol and 1000 U / m L of IL-2 for the generation of T cells. Vδ1 T cells and Vδ2 T cells from tumor tissues and para-carcinoma tissues were expanded by anti-TCR gδ antibodies. The inhibitory effects of Vδ1 T cells on na? ve CD4 T cel ls were analyzed using the CFSE method. The cytotoxicity of Vδ2 T cells on rectal cancer lines was determined by the LDH method .RESULTS: The percentage of Vδ1 T cells in rectal tumors patients was significantly increased, and positively correlated with the T stage. The percentage of Vδ2 T cells in rectal tumor tissues from rectal cancer patients was significantly decreased, and negatively correlated with the T stage. After culture for 14 days with 1 mg / ml anti-TCR gδ antibodies, the percentage of Vδ1 T After culture for 14 days, the percentage of Vδ1 T cells from rectal cancer tissues was 67.45% ± 4.64%, and the percentage of Vδ2 T cells was 38.64% ± 8.05% the percentage of Vδ2 T cells was 8.94% ± 2.85%. Tumor-infiltrating Vδ1 T cells had strong inhibitory effects, and tumor-infiltrating Vδ2 T cells showed strong cytolytic activity. The inhibitory effects of Vδ1 T cells from para-carcinoma tis sues and from rectal cancIn addition, the cytolytic activities of Vδ2 T cells from para-carcinoma tissues and from rectal cancer tissues were not significant different. CONCLUSION: A percentage imbalance in Vδ1 and Vδ2 T cells in rectal cancer patients may contribute to the development of rectal cancer.