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目的了解火炸药小试和中试作业场所职业危害因素分布及浓度情况,为保障火炸药行业作业人员的身体健康提供科学依据。方法依据GBZ 159-2004《工作场所空气中有害物质监测的采样规范》和GBZ/T192.1-2007《工作场所空气中粉尘测定第1部分》对车间进行定点采样。结果被检测的14种化学物质和粉尘浓度波动范围较大,其中乙酸乙酯和铝粉尘时间加权平均浓度(CTWA)监测点超标率为4.0%;硝化甘油最高浓度(CMC)监测点超标率为7.7%;三硝基甲苯、乙酸乙酯和甲苯二异氰酸酯短时间接触浓度(CSTEL)监测点超标率为39.4%;超限倍数监测点超标率为3.3%。结论火炸药行业的职业危害因素主要以三硝基甲苯、黑索今、奥克托今、乙酸乙酯、硝化甘油等化学物质和粉尘为主,浓度波动范围较大。CSTEL监测点超标率较高,说明火炸药行业作业人员工作过程中接触有毒物质的时间较短,但短时间浓度较高。提示作业场所中接触人员应加强个人防护。
OBJECTIVE To understand the distribution and concentration of occupational hazards in small and pilot-scale fire and explosives occupations, and provide a scientific basis for ensuring the health of workers in the fire and explosives industry. Methods According to GBZ 159-2004 “Sampling Specifications for Monitoring of Airborne Hazardous Materials in Workplaces” and GBZ / T192.1-2007 “Part 1 of Airborne Dust Measurement in Workplaces”, site-specific sampling was conducted. Results The range of fluctuation of 14 chemical substances and dust concentrations was large. The over-standard rate of time-weighted average concentration (CTWA) of ethyl acetate and aluminum dust was 4.0%. The over-standard rate of monitoring point of highest concentration of nitroglycerin 7.7%; Trinitrotoluene, ethyl acetate and toluene diisocyanate short-time contact concentration (CSTEL) monitoring point exceeded the rate of 39.4%; overrun times the monitoring point exceeded the standard rate of 3.3%. Conclusion The major occupational hazards in the explosive industry are dominated by chemicals such as Trinitrotoluene, Rhododendron, Octoctine, ethyl acetate, nitroglycerin, and dust, with a wide range of concentrations. CSTEL monitoring points exceeded the high rate, indicating that the workers in the explosives and explosives industry during the exposure to toxic substances shorter time, but a higher concentration in a short time. It is suggested that personal contact should be strengthened in the workplace.