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蒙元时期,中外交通空前繁荣发达,元朝与欧亚各国的交往十分密切。外国的使节、旅行家、商人和教士经常来中国访问。草原都城上都也留下了他们的足迹。本文拟将他们在上都的情况作一简单介绍。 一、元上都的发郎国使者。中统元年(1260)三月,忽必烈在开平(今内蒙古正蓝旗五一牧场)即位。第二年五月七日,发郎国的使者到达开平朝见忽必烈。据王恽《中堂事记》载,“是日,发郎国遣人来献卉服诸物。其使自本土达上都已愈三年。说其国在回纥极西徼,常昼不夜……妇人颇妍美,男子则碧眼黄发。所经途有二海,一则逾月,一则期月可度。……上嘉其远来,回赐金帛甚渥。” “发郎,Frank”,又译作“佛郎”、“拂郎”、“富浪”,是中世纪近东(波斯、阿拉伯)人对欧洲人的称呼,后来为蒙古人和汉人所沿用。早在大蒙古国时期,发郎国(即欧洲)人普兰·迦儿宾(意大利的传教士)、卢卜鲁克就曾到哈刺和林(今蒙古人民共和国哈尔和林)朝见蒙古大汗。《中堂事记》所记发郎国的使者数字不详,但他们肯定是欧洲某一个国家的使者。
During the Yuan and Yuan Dynasties, the traffic between China and foreign countries was unprecedentedly prosperous, and the exchanges between the Yuan Dynasty and Eurasian countries were very close. Foreign envoys, travelers, businessmen and priests frequently visit China. Prairie capital also left their footprint. This article intends to make a brief introduction of their situation in Shangdu. First, both the hair on the yuan ambassadors. In March the first year of Central Plains (1260), Kublai Khan ascended the throne in Kaiping, Inner Mongolia today. On the following year, on May 7, the messenger of the Lao country arrived at Kublai Khan in Kaiping. According to Wang Jie’s “Zhongtang Incident”, “It is a day when the country of the Lao People sent people to sacrifice their clothes for various purposes, saying that their country has been returning to the extreme western state for a long time, The night ...... The woman is quite Yan America, while the man is blue-yellow hair .There are two sea, a more than a month, a period of month. Frank, also translated as ”Fulang“, ”Bulang“ and ”Fulang“, are the names of Europeans in the Middle East (Persian and Arab) of the Middle Ages and were later used by Mongols and Han Chinese. As early as during the period of Greater Mongolia, Pu Lanjia Babel (Faithful Italian missionary) of the Laon country (ie Europe), Lubruk went to Mongolia when he met Harsha and Lin (now Harbin and Lin of the People’s Republic of Mongolia) Sweat. The number of the messengers of the hair country recorded in ”Ch’ang-ch’ang Matters" is unknown, but they are certainly the messengers of one country in Europe.