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当启蒙思想家们力图把理性当作救世之主时,歌德却致力于在理性之外去寻求人类进展的真理。他从欲望出发,以一种非暴力的态度,让人欲在浮士德身上作无障碍的流动。结果,他从欲望的层阶性中看到其自生秩序的功能,从欲望的制衡原则中找到了美德的潜存在,论证了欲望是一种比道德说教和罚入地狱更有效的规范人类行为的方法,是社会道德生成的一只“看不见的手”。于是,歌德便有了亚当·斯密的意义。
While enlightened thinkers sought to treat reason as the Lord of salvation, Goethe devoted himself to seeking the truth of human progress beyond reason. He desires from his desires, in a non-violent manner, to make people want to flow unhindered in Faust. As a result, he saw the function of his spontaneous order from the stratification of desire, found the latent existence of virtue from the principle of checks and balances of desire, and demonstrated that desire is a more effective normative human behavior than moral preaching and punishment into hell The method is a “invisible hand ” generated by social morality. Thus, Goethe has the meaning of Adam Smith.