研究生物及其环境相互关系的生态学,必须把人作为主要因素来考虑,因为人是复杂环境的一部分,又是自然的主宰者。在《自然辩证法》中,恩格斯阐明这样的观点:动物仅仅利用外部自然界,单纯地以自己的存在来使自然界改变;而人则通过他作出的改变来使自然界为自己的目的服务,支配自然界。自然主义历史观的错误,在于它认为只是自然界作用于人,只是自然条件到处在决定人的历史发展,它忘记了人也反作用于自然界.改变自然界.为自己创 The ecology that studies the interrelatedness of living things and their environment must take man as a major factor to consider because man is a part of a complex environment and a natural master. In “Dialectics of Nature,” Engels expounded the notion that animals make use of external nature only to change nature in their own existence; and that human beings, through his changes, make nature serve their own ends and dominate nature. The mistake of the naturalistic view of history lies in the fact that it considers nature to act only on human beings, but that natural conditions are everywhere in determining the historical development of human beings, and it has forgotten that human beings are also counterproductive to nature, changing nature, creating for themselves