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在ATP门控离子通道P2X受体家族中,P2X7受体由于在结构和功能上与其他(P2X1-P2X6)受体的显著差别而备受关注。P2X7受体是由3个同源亚基组成的多聚体,其C端为P2X受体家族中最长的,与其他已知蛋白没有同源性。P2X7受体具有独特的双功能性,被ATP激活后形成非选择性阳离子通道,允许钾、钠、钙等阳离子跨膜流动,而对二价阳离子表现出相对较强的选择性,在低浓度二价阳离子环境及ATP的持续刺激下,激活的P2X7受体能形成大的孔通道。P2X7受体广泛分布在血液系统、免疫系统和骨组织等多种组织器官中,通过信号转导参与细胞增殖、蛋白合成和细胞凋亡等事件。近年来在中枢神经系统中的研究发现,P2X7受体参与神经突触传递等生理过程,并在神经性退变等病理过程中发挥重要的调节作用。其中,多种假说支持它与少突胶质细胞的损伤有密切关系。
In the ATP-gated ion channel P2X receptor family, P2X7 receptors are of interest due to the significant differences in structure and function from the other (P2X1-P2X6) receptors. The P2X7 receptor is a multimer composed of three homologous subunits whose C-terminus is the longest of the P2X receptor families and has no homology to other known proteins. The P2X7 receptor has a unique bifunctionality and is activated by ATP to form a non-selective cation channel that allows the flow of cations such as potassium, sodium and calcium across the membrane and a relatively strong selectivity for the divalent cation. At low concentrations Activated bivalent P2X7 receptors form large pore channels with sustained bivalent cation and ATP stimulation. P2X7 receptors are widely distributed in many tissues and organs such as blood system, immune system and bone tissue, and are involved in cell proliferation, protein synthesis and apoptosis through signal transduction. In recent years, studies in the central nervous system have found that P2X7 receptors are involved in physiological processes such as neuronal synaptic transmission and play an important regulatory role in pathological processes such as neurodegeneration. Among them, many hypotheses support it closely related to the damage of oligodendrocytes.