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本文考察了中国、巴西、印尼和墨西哥这几个新兴工业化中等收入国家为了改善环境法律执行状况而在近期采用的五种创新手段。在这五个案例中,当环境执法机关与其他国家机关、民间主体或市场主体联合起来形成执法联盟时,执法机关的监管能力得以扩大。此外,不同类型的主体参与环境执法对于执法的持续性效果具有一定的影响。更重要的是,当被监管企业通过自我检查、自我报告以及标签分类方案而参与环境监管时,监管机关对被监管企业遵守法律的设计方案与守法决心更具有依赖性。研究发现,由于中等收入国家的环境违法行为较为普遍,加上公众和市场对企业和产品的标签分类方案响应能力不足,所以,以降低监管自主性为特点的执法创新在中等收入国家的应用具有更大的风险。
This article examines five innovative approaches recently adopted by several emerging industrialized middle-income countries of China, Brazil, Indonesia and Mexico to improve the implementation of environmental law. In these five cases, when the environmental law enforcement agencies and other state agencies, private entities or market players unite to form law enforcement alliances, the regulatory capacity of law enforcement agencies can be expanded. In addition, the participation of different types of subjects in environmental law enforcement has a certain impact on the sustainability of law enforcement. More importantly, when regulators participate in environmental regulation through self-examination, self-reporting, and labeling schemes, regulators are more dependent on the regulated design of regulated companies to uphold compliance. The study found that due to the prevalence of environmental violations in middle-income countries and the lack of responsiveness of the public and the market to the labeling schemes of enterprises and products, the application of law enforcement innovations characterized by reduced regulatory autonomy in middle-income countries Greater risk.