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1904年後,隨着革命形勢的高漲,中國學人不約而同地在學術之外尋求道德力量以圖救亡。改良者限制“科學”概念於形下,同時改造傳統的道德之圍,以迎合進化;革命者出於精神動員的需要,完成了“科學”話語的形而上轉换;游移於革命與改良之間者,徑取西方反思現代科學的唯心主義思潮,試圖超越生存競爭中的道德困境。此一時期,中國“科學”概念正抽離出學術本身,演變成一個進化/退化的二元話語基礎,在“物質主義”和“科學主義”兩個相反向度被批判,或是被宣揚,作爲學術的“科學”反而隱而不彰。
After 1904, with the rise of the revolutionary situation, Chinese scholars unanimously sought for moral strength outside of academic studies in order to save the nation. In the meantime, the improver limits the concept of “science” and at the same time transforms the traditional moral surroundings to cater to the evolution. The revolutionaries have fulfilled the metaphysical transformation of the “science” discourse because of the need of spiritual mobilization. The difference between them is to seek the idealist trend of thinking of the modern science in the West and try to surpass the moral predicament in the survival competition. During this period, the concept of “science” in China was being pulled away from the academic itself and evolved into a dualistic discourse base of evolution / degradation, criticized on the two opposite dimensions of “materialism” and “scientism” , Or be preached, hidden as an academic “science”.