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●知识网络:
虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望､假设､猜测或建议，不是表示客观存在的事实，因此虚拟语气常用在含有非真实条件从句的主从复合句中。虚拟语气是通过句中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的。所以掌握虚拟语气所使用的各种谓语动词形式变化是学习虚拟语气的关键。
●虚拟语气在条件句中的用法:
虚拟语气条件句是用谓语动词的特殊形式来表示与现在､过去事实相反的情况或对将来发生的情况表示怀疑。虚拟语气条件句中所用的谓语动词的过去式､过去完成时､过去将来时等只表示不同的虚拟语气，与陈述语气的过去时､过去完成时等毫无关系。虚拟语气中，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式如下:
●表示与现在事实相反的情况
If I had more time， I should study Japanese.
如果我有更多的时间，我就学日语。(事实是:我现在没有更多的时间，因此我没有学日语。)
If she were not so busy， she would come here with me.
要是她不那么忙，她就和我一起来这里了。(事实是:她很忙，无法来这里。)
If you went to bed earlier， you would not be so sleepy in the morning. 如果你早点睡觉，早晨就不会这么困了。(事实是:你经常晚睡，所以早上很困。)
●表示与过去事实相反的情况
I would have bought that storybook if I had money with me yesterday.
如果昨天我身上有钱，我就买那本故事书了。(事实是:昨天我身上没有钱，所以就没买那本故事书。)
If you had worked hard， you wouldn’t have failed in the exam.
如果你早用功，你就不至于考试不及格了。(事实是:你早没用功，所以考试失败了。)
He would have gone to bed if he had finished doing his homework in time.
假如他及时做完了作业，他早就上床睡觉了。(事实是:由于作业没及时完成，所以他没有去睡觉。)
If we had known that she was to arrive yesterday， we could have met her at the station.
如果我们知道她昨天到，早就到车站去接她了。(事实是:我们不知道她昨天到，所以没有到车站去接她。)
●表示与将来事实相反的情况
If it rained tomorrow， our picnic would be put off.
如果明天下雨，我们的野餐就会推迟。(从句中谓语动词用过去式，表示说话人认为“下雨”的可能性不大)
If it should rain tomorrow， our picnic would be put off.
万一明天下雨，我们的野餐就会推迟。(从句中谓语动词用过去将来时，表示“下雨”的可能性不大或没有可能，加上should，表示“出乎意料”。)
If it were to rain tomorrow， our picnic would be put off.
万一明天下雨，我们的野餐就会推迟。(从句中谓语动词用“were to +动词原形”，表示“下雨”的可能性很小，其中的were to rain与should rain一样，也表示“出乎意料”。)
注意:用虚拟语气表示条件的条件从句，可以放在主句前，也可放在主句后，但所表达意义的侧重点不同。主句在前时，强调“结果”;从句在前时，强调“条件”。
●省略if的条件句的用法
在书面语中，如果条件句的谓语中有were， had或should等词，可以将if省略，但要把were， had或should放在句首来表示虚拟语气，在意义上与带有if的条件从句相同。如:
Were I you， I would get up early every morning.
如果我是你，我就每天早晨早起。
Had you arrived at the station ten minutes earlier yesterday， you could have caught the train.
如果你昨天早十分钟到火车站，你就赶上火车了。
●省略条件句或主句的用法
在虚拟语气的条件句中，有时可以省略主句和从句，而省略部分仍有所体现。
(1)省略条件句。如:
You could have done it yourself.
你本可以自己做这件事。(省略了if you had wanted to。)
I wouldn’t smoke. 我决不抽烟。(省略了if I were you。)
(2)省略主语。如:在强调条件句时，常省去主句，这种句子常表示“已不能”实现的愿望。如:
If my friend were with me!
如果老朋友与我在一起就好了!(事实是:老朋友不在。)
If you could have seen the movie!
你要是看过这部电影有多好!(事实是:你没有看过这部电影，真可惜!)
●注意事项:
●当主句的谓语动词用过去式时，无论主语是什么人称，be动词的过去式一般用were。
●主句谓语动词中的would可根据情况由should(用于第一人称)，could或might替换。
●课堂练习:
一､请用所给动词的正确形式填空。
1. If I come， I ____(see) you.
2. If it is fine， we ____(go) for a walk.
3. If it rained， they ____(stay) at home.
4. You will spoil it if you ____(not be) careful.
5. We would be very much pleased if you ____(come).
6. Will you help me if I ____(need) you?
7. They will get wet if it ____(rain).
8. What a pity!I haven’t got my car. If I had， I ____(take) you to the airport.
9. We would answer if we ____(can).
10. If you eat too much， you ____(get) ill.
二､请根据上下文用所给动词的适当形式完成对话。
1. A: What are you doing this evening?
B: I’m not sure. If there ____(not be) anything good on TV. I think I ____(read) a detective story. Or maybe I ____(go) to bed early.
2. A: What time will Kate be home?
B: If I ____(know) I ____(tell) you. But unfortunately， she didn’t say a word with me because we argued yesterday.
A: Well， if she ____(get) home before 10:00， please ask her to call me.
3. A: I’m so stressed out.
B: It’s none of my business， but if I ____(be) you， I ____(take) some time off.
4. A: I’m afraid your flight has been delayed due to bad weather.
B: Oh no! When will it take off?
A: We don’t have any idea yet. If it ____(stop) snowing this evening，then your flight ____(depart) some time tonight.
5. A: What are the chances that will happen?
B: It’s too early to tell. I ____(let) you know if I ____(hear) any news.
Key(4)
虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望､假设､猜测或建议，不是表示客观存在的事实，因此虚拟语气常用在含有非真实条件从句的主从复合句中。虚拟语气是通过句中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的。所以掌握虚拟语气所使用的各种谓语动词形式变化是学习虚拟语气的关键。
●虚拟语气在条件句中的用法:
虚拟语气条件句是用谓语动词的特殊形式来表示与现在､过去事实相反的情况或对将来发生的情况表示怀疑。虚拟语气条件句中所用的谓语动词的过去式､过去完成时､过去将来时等只表示不同的虚拟语气，与陈述语气的过去时､过去完成时等毫无关系。虚拟语气中，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式如下:
●表示与现在事实相反的情况
If I had more time， I should study Japanese.
如果我有更多的时间，我就学日语。(事实是:我现在没有更多的时间，因此我没有学日语。)
If she were not so busy， she would come here with me.
要是她不那么忙，她就和我一起来这里了。(事实是:她很忙，无法来这里。)
If you went to bed earlier， you would not be so sleepy in the morning. 如果你早点睡觉，早晨就不会这么困了。(事实是:你经常晚睡，所以早上很困。)
●表示与过去事实相反的情况
I would have bought that storybook if I had money with me yesterday.
如果昨天我身上有钱，我就买那本故事书了。(事实是:昨天我身上没有钱，所以就没买那本故事书。)
If you had worked hard， you wouldn’t have failed in the exam.
如果你早用功，你就不至于考试不及格了。(事实是:你早没用功，所以考试失败了。)
He would have gone to bed if he had finished doing his homework in time.
假如他及时做完了作业，他早就上床睡觉了。(事实是:由于作业没及时完成，所以他没有去睡觉。)
If we had known that she was to arrive yesterday， we could have met her at the station.
如果我们知道她昨天到，早就到车站去接她了。(事实是:我们不知道她昨天到，所以没有到车站去接她。)
●表示与将来事实相反的情况
If it rained tomorrow， our picnic would be put off.
如果明天下雨，我们的野餐就会推迟。(从句中谓语动词用过去式，表示说话人认为“下雨”的可能性不大)
If it should rain tomorrow， our picnic would be put off.
万一明天下雨，我们的野餐就会推迟。(从句中谓语动词用过去将来时，表示“下雨”的可能性不大或没有可能，加上should，表示“出乎意料”。)
If it were to rain tomorrow， our picnic would be put off.
万一明天下雨，我们的野餐就会推迟。(从句中谓语动词用“were to +动词原形”，表示“下雨”的可能性很小，其中的were to rain与should rain一样，也表示“出乎意料”。)
注意:用虚拟语气表示条件的条件从句，可以放在主句前，也可放在主句后，但所表达意义的侧重点不同。主句在前时，强调“结果”;从句在前时，强调“条件”。
●省略if的条件句的用法
在书面语中，如果条件句的谓语中有were， had或should等词，可以将if省略，但要把were， had或should放在句首来表示虚拟语气，在意义上与带有if的条件从句相同。如:
Were I you， I would get up early every morning.
如果我是你，我就每天早晨早起。
Had you arrived at the station ten minutes earlier yesterday， you could have caught the train.
如果你昨天早十分钟到火车站，你就赶上火车了。
●省略条件句或主句的用法
在虚拟语气的条件句中，有时可以省略主句和从句，而省略部分仍有所体现。
(1)省略条件句。如:
You could have done it yourself.
你本可以自己做这件事。(省略了if you had wanted to。)
I wouldn’t smoke. 我决不抽烟。(省略了if I were you。)
(2)省略主语。如:在强调条件句时，常省去主句，这种句子常表示“已不能”实现的愿望。如:
If my friend were with me!
如果老朋友与我在一起就好了!(事实是:老朋友不在。)
If you could have seen the movie!
你要是看过这部电影有多好!(事实是:你没有看过这部电影，真可惜!)
●注意事项:
●当主句的谓语动词用过去式时，无论主语是什么人称，be动词的过去式一般用were。
●主句谓语动词中的would可根据情况由should(用于第一人称)，could或might替换。
●课堂练习:
一､请用所给动词的正确形式填空。
1. If I come， I ____(see) you.
2. If it is fine， we ____(go) for a walk.
3. If it rained， they ____(stay) at home.
4. You will spoil it if you ____(not be) careful.
5. We would be very much pleased if you ____(come).
6. Will you help me if I ____(need) you?
7. They will get wet if it ____(rain).
8. What a pity!I haven’t got my car. If I had， I ____(take) you to the airport.
9. We would answer if we ____(can).
10. If you eat too much， you ____(get) ill.
二､请根据上下文用所给动词的适当形式完成对话。
1. A: What are you doing this evening?
B: I’m not sure. If there ____(not be) anything good on TV. I think I ____(read) a detective story. Or maybe I ____(go) to bed early.
2. A: What time will Kate be home?
B: If I ____(know) I ____(tell) you. But unfortunately， she didn’t say a word with me because we argued yesterday.
A: Well， if she ____(get) home before 10:00， please ask her to call me.
3. A: I’m so stressed out.
B: It’s none of my business， but if I ____(be) you， I ____(take) some time off.
4. A: I’m afraid your flight has been delayed due to bad weather.
B: Oh no! When will it take off?
A: We don’t have any idea yet. If it ____(stop) snowing this evening，then your flight ____(depart) some time tonight.
5. A: What are the chances that will happen?
B: It’s too early to tell. I ____(let) you know if I ____(hear) any news.
Key(4)