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被西方的“船坚炮利”轰开天国大门的中国近代历史先是被迫，再是不得已，后是必须，与外来的“侵入者”或“进入者”发生极为密切的关联，外来者遂成为中国近代舞台上的重要成员。因此，以费正清为代表的西方学者将近代中国与世界的关系解构为“冲击─—反应”模式，便是《剑
The modern history of China opened up to the gates of heaven by the “ship’s benevolence and fortune” in the West was forced first and last but must be linked to the external “invaders” or “entrants” Become an important member of the modern stage in China. Therefore, Western scholars represented by Fei Zhengqing deconstructed the relationship between modern China and the world as a model of “impact-response”