因为原子核和电子不仅在能量大小而且在能量的释放时间上都有着巨大的差别，所以核物理和化学占领着两个不同的世界。但彭斯（Pons）、弗莱希曼（Fleischmann）和霍金斯（Hawkins）的观测结果以及琼斯（Jones）等人的独立工作表明在这两个世界中存在一座桥梁。因此而诞生的学科 Nuclear and chemical occupy two different worlds because of the huge differences between nuclear and electronic energy, not only in energy but also in the timing of energy release. But the observations of Pons, Fleischmann, and Hawkins and the independent work of Jones and others show that there is a bridge between these two worlds. So the birth of the discipline