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美国虽然是联邦制国家,联邦政府和州政府分享治权,而市、镇、县等地方政府享有地方自治权。但是,联邦政府每年通过向州及地方政府等各种实体发放拨款,影响着全国的社会和经济事务。本文梳理了联邦拨款的概念与特征,分析了联邦拨款与政府采购、合作协议的区别,论述联邦拨款关系中的拨款机构和受款人的各自地位和作用,联邦拨款的各种方式差别,同时对联邦拨款各阶段需要的规则以及产生争议时的解决机制进行了全过程的考察,最后探讨了对于我国完善中央拨款的法律规范可能的启示。
Although the United States is a federal state, the federal government and the state government share the same power, while local governments in municipalities, towns and counties enjoy local autonomy. However, the federal government annually disburses grants to various entities, including state and local governments, affecting the country’s social and economic affairs. This paper sorts out the concept and characteristics of federal appropriations, analyzes the differences between federal appropriations and government procurement and cooperation agreements, discusses the respective status and functions of appropriation agencies and payees in the federal appropriations, and various ways of federal appropriation. Meanwhile, The whole process of the rules needed in all stages of the federal appropriation and the settlement mechanism in case of dispute are investigated. Finally, the possible enlightenment for improving the legal norms of central appropriation in our country is discussed.