Non-transplant therapeutic options for acquired and constitutional aplastic anemia have significantly expanded during the last 5 years.In the future,transplant may be required less frequently.That trilineage hematologic responses could be achieved with the single agent eltrombopag in refractory aplastic anemia promotes new interest in growth factors after years of failed trials using other growth factor agents.Preliminary results adding eltrombopag to immunosuppressive therapy are promising,but long-term follow-up data evaluating clonal evolution rates are required before promoting its standard use in treatment-naive disease.Danazol,which is traditionally less preferred for treating cytopenias,is capable of preventing telomere attrition associated with hematologic responses in constitutional bone marrow failure resulted from telomere disease.Non-transplant therapy for bone marrow failure will be summarized in this paper based on the reports in the 58th ASH annual meeting.