论文部分内容阅读
在比较政治发展的理论视野下,本文对中国知识界在1930年代的国是大讨论进行重新梳理和解读。现有研究将其界定为一场民主与独裁(专制)的论争,在对讨论参与者的观点进行归纳分析后,本文认为这是一场关于政治发展路径的思想讨论。讨论由两个主题组成;第一阶段的讨论集中于国家统一和中央权威的建立,意在寻找建立国家权威的可行途径;第二阶段的主题则围绕民主与新式专制展开,演变为构建约束国家权威的有效机制。这场国是大讨论充分展现了后发展国家的政治发展困境,即建立权威与约束权威往往是必须同时完成的任务,国家构建与民主转型因而存在很强的张力。具体来看,专制者通过武力比较容易实现国家统一,但统一后很难保证其能通过自律维护公共利益和推行制度建设;民主政治虽能够约束统治者,但很难实现对暴力的合法统一和政治精英的整合,在国家权威建立的问题上难以提出有效出路。新式专制论的出现,即源自民主在国家构建问题上的困境。
In the comparative theoretical perspective of political development, this paper re-sorts and interprets the great debate on the Chinese intellectual community in the 1930s. The existing research defines it as a debate between democracy and dictatorship. After analyzing and discussing the participants’ opinions, this article considers this as a discussion of the thought about the path of political development. The discussion consisted of two main topics: the discussion in the first stage focused on the establishment of national unity and central authority with the aim of finding a feasible way to establish the authority of the state; the second phase focused on democracy and new autocracy and evolved into the construction of a binding state Effective mechanism of authority. The great debates in this country have fully demonstrated the dilemma of political development in the post-development countries. That is, the task of establishing authority and restraining authority is often a task that must be completed at the same time. Therefore, there is a strong tension between state building and democratic transformation. Specifically, it is relatively easy for authoritarians to achieve national reunification through force. However, it is difficult to ensure that they can safeguard public interests and promote system construction through self-regulation. Although democratic politics can restrain the rulers, it is very difficult to achieve a lawful unification of violence. The integration of political elites makes it hard to put forward an effective solution to the issue of establishing state authority. The emergence of the new tyranny comes from the predicament of democracy on the issue of state building.