系统研究了九牛造的原植物形态、药材性状、组织结构、粉末特征及理化鉴别，并将其与同属几种传统中药（大戟、甘遂、泽漆）进行了比较，确定了九牛造果实具稀疏平钝的疣状突起，药材茎迹明显，质坚而脆，皮层窄，薄壁细胞含草酸钙结晶及粉粒等特征。 The original plant morphology, medicinal properties, tissue structure, powder characteristics, and physical and chemical identification of Nine Niu Niu were systematically studied and compared with several traditional Chinese medicines of the same genus (Dawei, Ganzi, Zeqi), and nine cattle were identified. The sparse and dull verrucous processes were found in the fruit, the medicinal herbs had obvious stems, the quality was firm and brittle, the cortex was narrow, and the parenchyma cells had calcium oxalate crystals and powder and other characteristics.