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事物的矛盾法则,亦即对立统一的法则,是唯物辩证法的最根本的法则。承认不承认这个法则,是区别辩证法与形而上学两种宇宙观的关键所在。承认对立统一与否认对立统一这两种见解的对立、斗争,在人类认识史中,是从来就有的,它贯穿于人类认识的全部历史。马克思主义哲学关于对立统一的理论,在人类认识史上起了一个伟大的革命变革。在马克思主义以前,由于缺乏客观前提,没有也不可能有一个哲学家提供彻底的、唯一正确的对立统一的理论。但是,随着社会不断发展、生产力不断提高、科学日益发达,马克思主义以前关于对立统一的理论,也是不断向前发展的。马克思主义以前的哲学发展史表明,人类关于对立统一的认识也在大体上逐渐走向正确和深刻,尽管这条道路是异常曲折复杂的。因此,回顾一下马克思主义以前人类认识史上关于这个问题所经过的曲折复杂的道路,将有助于我们深刻领会马克思主义的对立统一理论的正确性,从而更严格地遵循这个伟大理论办事,随时警惕自己,不蹈马克思主义以前的思想复辙。马克思主义以前西方哲学史上关于对立统一的理论的发展,大体上可分为三大时期:一是素朴的、自发的辩证法占统治地位的时期,这就是古希腊罗马哲学家的辩证法;二是资本主义早期,在这个时期里,形而上学占着统治的地位;三是十八世纪末十九世纪初以德国古典唯心主义哲学家黑格尔为代表的唯心主义辩证法占统治地位的时期。当然,这并不是说,在每一个时期中只有一个单纯的方面、一种见解存在。事实上,辩证法与形而上学、承认对立统一的见解与否认对立统一的见解这两条路线的斗争,贯穿在整个西方哲学史中。
The contradictory law of things, that is, the law of opposites and unity, is the most fundamental law of materialist dialectics. To admit that this law is not recognized is the key to distinguishing the two cosmologies of dialectics and metaphysics. The confrontation and struggle between the two opinions, which admit the unity of opposites and the unity of opposites, have always existed in the history of human knowledge and run through all the history of human knowledge. Marxist philosophy on the unity of opposites theory, history of human awareness played a great revolutionary change. Before Marxism, because of the lack of objective prerequisites, it is impossible and impossible for a philosopher to provide a thorough and only correct theory of the unity of opposites. However, with the continuous development of society, the continuous improvement of productive forces and the increasingly developed science, the Marxist theory of opposites and reunification has been continuously developed. The previous history of the development of philosophy in Marxism shows that humankind’s understanding of the unity of opposites is also generally gradually moving toward the right and the deep, though this road is exceptionally tortuous and complex. Therefore, reviewing the tortuous and complicated road that has gone through this issue in the history of human knowledge before Marxism will help us to profoundly understand the correctness of the Marxist theory of opposing reunification, so as to follow this great theory more strictly and be vigilant at any time I myself, do not follow the Marxist thought of the past. Marxism Previously, the development of the theory of the unity of opposites in the history of Western philosophy can be roughly divided into three major periods: one is the period of primitive and spontaneous dialectical domination, which is the dialectic of the ancient Greek and Roman philosophers; the other is the capital In the early period of this period, metaphysics occupied the dominant position; third, the period dominated by the idealist dialectics represented by Hegel, a German classical idealist philosopher, from the late eighteenth century to the early nineteenth century. This does not mean, of course, that there is only one mere aspect, one opinion, in each period. In fact, the struggle between the dialectics and metaphysics, the idea of recognizing the unity of opposites and the idea of opposing the unity of opposites and unification, runs through the entire history of Western philosophy.