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宋代是中国社会阶层的结构发生重大变化、也是人们对于儒以及医学知识、行医活动和医学认同的阐释日益增多的时期。上述历史进程为士大夫和医士的身份认同带来了持续的巨大变动。有鉴于此,我们不应当将士大夫、儒和医士视为早有定见的不同类群,而必须将之视为可以讨论的问题。在考量医士身上儒的身份认同的发展时,我们不能仅仅追问何者为其行医中的儒的因素,更要探求他们在何者为儒与如何为儒这两个辩论命题之间是如何自我定位的。本文考察了12世纪的医士张果是如何通过其《医说》(1189)一书,来发展自己的亦儒亦医的认同的。张果博览群书,与文人过从甚密,故能在互相冲突的诸多模式之间游走自如,并自我定位为儒。这些模式包括经世治国与伦理道学,也包括对这两种学派所体现出来的简约化倾向都不予认同的文人路数。从《医说》一书的形式和内容来看,张果没有让自己落入道学之类的理性主义或程式化的经世致用实用主义的俗套,而是以无与伦比的个人精湛医术为基础,发展了自己在医学理论和实践上的地位。张果在冥神志怪方面与洪迈持共同立场,但他对洪迈的《夷坚志》在形式和内容上进行了改造。
The Song dynasty was a major change in the structure of Chinese social stratum and also a period of increasing interpretation of Confucianism and medical knowledge, practice of medical practice and medical recognition. The above-mentioned historical process has brought about significant and sustained changes in the identity of scholar-officials and healers. In view of this, we should not regard the literati, Confucianism, and Heath as different groups that have long been stereotyped. We must consider this as a question that can be discussed. When we consider the development of Confucian identity in medical practitioners, we can not just ask what is the Confucian factor in their practice of medicine, but also seek out how they position themselves between what is Confucianism and how Confucianism is the proposition of Confucianism. . This article examines how Zhang Gu, a 12th-century practitioner, developed his own identity as a doctor and doctor through his Doctrine of Medicine (1189). Zhang Guo extensive reading books, and the literati are very close, so it can walk freely between the many models of conflict, and self-positioning as Confucianism. These models include the rule of state and ethics in the world and the number of scholars who disagree with the simplistic tendencies embodied by both schools. According to the form and content of Medical Doctrine, Zhang Guo did not allow himself to fall into the rationalism or stylized utility of pragmatism, such as Taoism, but based on unparalleled personal superb techniques , Developed their own position in the medical theory and practice. Zhang Guo shared the common position with Hong Ma in the mysterious spirit of the god, but he reformed Hong Mai’s Yi Jian in form and content.