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Following the decline of the Qing dynasty and its weak foreign policy , the Tibetan people became gradually dissatisfied with: ( i ) the Qing local administration ’ s lack of progress;( ii) their succumbing to the force of Britain; and ( iii ) their wantonly selling their local benefits . Especially during the time of the 13th Dalai Lama, this kind of mood of dissatisfaction further deep-ened.In order to maintain the benefits of Tibet, the 13th Dalai Lama tried to submit reports directly to the Qing court , and was eager to get the support from the central government of the Qing dynasty . However , this effort did not reach the central gov-ernment due to the barriers created by the royally appointed minister in Tibet . The British army launched a second invasion of Tibet in 1903, and soon occupied Lhasa.To the 13th Dalai Lama’ s disappointment , Youtai, the royal minister in Ti-bet, did not consider the Tibetan ’ s strong anger about the British invasion , but tried to appease the enemy in order to safeguard “peaceful relations”. And, at the same time he framed the 13th Dalai Lama saying“his abandonment of the land became an excuse for the foreign enemy ’ s invasion”. The Qing court then , without making a detailed investigation , announced a decree that abolished Thubten Gyatso ’ s title of Dalai Lama. Since then , misunderstanding between the 13 th Dalai La-ma and the Qing court deepened further , and some upper-class Tibetans even considered leav-ing the Qing . Taking advantage of the Qing ’ s improper attitude towards the 13th Dalai Lama, Britain began officially to carry out a strategy of winning over the heart of the 13th Dalai Lama.
In February, 1910, the 13th Dalai Lama leftLhasa and went into exile in India.Britain wasvery happy about the Dalai ’ s arrival in India.The British man with whom the 13th Dalai Lamahad the most contact during his stay in British Indi -a was Charles Alfred Bell, a political officer ofSikkim.Bell noted the value of the 13th Dalai Lama,and he believed that friendly treatment of theDalai Lama would reap rewards one hundred foldin Tibet.The lonely exiled 13th Dalai Lama requestedthe British government to help him to fightagainst the Qing court, saying that otherwise theQing court would oppress Tibet, destroy TibetanBuddhism and the Tibetan government.Bell exaggeratedby saying that China had already become amajor threat to British India, and Britain shouldassist the Dalai to restore his political power.However, in the end, Bell had to tell the 13thDalai Lama that the British government would notintervene into China -Tibet affairs, and theBritish government could only acknowledge the defacto government, i.e.the Tibetan governmentestablished by China.Although the British government’s attitude to the 13th Dalai Lama was notclear, Bell’ s contact with the 13th Dalai Lamawas very frequent, and Bell was the contact personbetween the British government and the Dalai.The 13th Dalai Lama was “provided for” by Britainindefinitely.It is worth noting here that the 13thDalai Lama did not have absolute freedom whilestaying in India.His actions were heavily monitoredby the British government, and as a result ofhis arrival, the British government strengthenedtheir control along the border.
At the beginning of 1912, the Qing Empirecame to an end after more than 200 years of rule.When the news came to Tibet, the whole systemcontrolled by the royal minister in Tibet immediatelywent into disarray; Tibetan society became veryrestless; the Sichuan military in Tibet sent by theQing court mutinied as “a response to the revolution”,which gave rise to Tibetan opposition; thesituation in Tibet was in chaos.With the supportof Britain, the anglophiles in Lhasa began to rebel,and expel the officers and soldiers sent by thecentral government.On March 12, 1913, beingforced by the Tibetan local government, ZhongYing, the first officer of Tibetan affairs, togetherwith other officials and soldiers, had to leave Tibet.Since that time, all officials and soldiers ofthe Qing were expelled, and the central governmentlost its political power and management rightsin Tibet.Tibet was completely beyond the controlof the central government.
The 13th Dalai Lama’ s exile in India doubtlesslywas related to the Qing court’ s series of inexpedientstrategies.The Qing court’ s standpointon Tibet’ s anti -Britain war was veryweak.Hence, it lost the support of the masses.Later, the Qing court did not use the opportunitywhile the 13th Dalai Lama was in Beijing to handlethe contradiction between the Dalai and the royalminister in Tibet.Before and after the 13th DalaiLama returned to Tibet, the Tibetan local elites’way of handling Tibetan affairs was both simplisticand violent which served to deepen the suspicionsof the 13th Dalai Lama.However the Qing courttook a drastic measure to deal with the situationwhen the 13th Dalai Lama left for India, and didnot give him another opportunity.The decayedQing court’ s inconsistency was really too excessive,and, the impact of the 13th Dalai Lama’ sstay in India for nearly two years, from March1910 to May 1912, was huge.
On one hand, the 13th Dalai Lama began torely on Britain.In India, the 13th Dalai Lamacame to know a lot of officials in British India, includingBell.No matter that Britain invaded Tibetin the past, during the period of exile of the 13thDalai Lama, the “enthusiastic reception” offeredto the 13th Dalai Lama by the British governmentand Bell was a big contrast to the attitude of theQing court.Although British internal recognitionof the value and usefulness of the 13th Dalai Lamadiffered, everyone was confident regarding the 13thDalai Lama’ s influence.Although the Britishhad slandered the backwardness and ignorance ofTibetan society, they were generous to TibetanBuddhism.The 13th Dalai Lama was quite fearfulwhen he first arrived in India, but after two yearshe was gradually influenced by British colonial ag -gressive thinking, especially as he began intuitivelyto understand the western governmental systemand industrial science in India, he began to thinkto “modernize” Tibet by depending on Britain.Inaddition, while the Dalai Lama was staying in India,the British government conveniently cultivateda group of Tibetan anglophiles, and, thus,nurtured a mechanism for communicating withhigh-level Tibetans, and, thus formed a new wayto invade Tibet.The power of the Tibetan anglophilewas very strong, and they continued their influencein Tibet in the following decades in history.On the other hand, the British governmentcompletely abandoned the strategy of invading Tibetthrough military force, and started to use theway of giving support to the upper classes in Tibetto invade the sovereignty of China.In the periodof the Republic China, the issues related to Tibetbecame more international and complicated.
In brief, the period from 1910 to 1912 wasnot only an era in which China’ s political situationchanged rapidly, but was also an importantperiod in the life of the 13th Dalai Lama, one ofreligious leaders in Tibet.The last feudal empirein China ended, and the newborn central politicalpower was not able to maximize the integration .All Chinese people in the field of politics would encounterthe question of making a choice on the po -litical route, and there was no exception for the 13th Dalai Lama.Therefore, people should notdemand the 13th Dalai Lama to transcend historywhile he was facing a world of chaos.
In February, 1910, the 13th Dalai Lama leftLhasa and went into exile in India.Britain wasvery happy about the Dalai ’ s arrival in India.The British man with whom the 13th Dalai Lamahad the most contact during his stay in British Indi -a was Charles Alfred Bell, a political officer ofSikkim.Bell noted the value of the 13th Dalai Lama,and he believed that friendly treatment of theDalai Lama would reap rewards one hundred foldin Tibet.The lonely exiled 13th Dalai Lama requestedthe British government to help him to fightagainst the Qing court, saying that otherwise theQing court would oppress Tibet, destroy TibetanBuddhism and the Tibetan government.Bell exaggeratedby saying that China had already become amajor threat to British India, and Britain shouldassist the Dalai to restore his political power.However, in the end, Bell had to tell the 13thDalai Lama that the British government would notintervene into China -Tibet affairs, and theBritish government could only acknowledge the defacto government, i.e.the Tibetan governmentestablished by China.Although the British government’s attitude to the 13th Dalai Lama was notclear, Bell’ s contact with the 13th Dalai Lamawas very frequent, and Bell was the contact personbetween the British government and the Dalai.The 13th Dalai Lama was “provided for” by Britainindefinitely.It is worth noting here that the 13thDalai Lama did not have absolute freedom whilestaying in India.His actions were heavily monitoredby the British government, and as a result ofhis arrival, the British government strengthenedtheir control along the border.
At the beginning of 1912, the Qing Empirecame to an end after more than 200 years of rule.When the news came to Tibet, the whole systemcontrolled by the royal minister in Tibet immediatelywent into disarray; Tibetan society became veryrestless; the Sichuan military in Tibet sent by theQing court mutinied as “a response to the revolution”,which gave rise to Tibetan opposition; thesituation in Tibet was in chaos.With the supportof Britain, the anglophiles in Lhasa began to rebel,and expel the officers and soldiers sent by thecentral government.On March 12, 1913, beingforced by the Tibetan local government, ZhongYing, the first officer of Tibetan affairs, togetherwith other officials and soldiers, had to leave Tibet.Since that time, all officials and soldiers ofthe Qing were expelled, and the central governmentlost its political power and management rightsin Tibet.Tibet was completely beyond the controlof the central government.
The 13th Dalai Lama’ s exile in India doubtlesslywas related to the Qing court’ s series of inexpedientstrategies.The Qing court’ s standpointon Tibet’ s anti -Britain war was veryweak.Hence, it lost the support of the masses.Later, the Qing court did not use the opportunitywhile the 13th Dalai Lama was in Beijing to handlethe contradiction between the Dalai and the royalminister in Tibet.Before and after the 13th DalaiLama returned to Tibet, the Tibetan local elites’way of handling Tibetan affairs was both simplisticand violent which served to deepen the suspicionsof the 13th Dalai Lama.However the Qing courttook a drastic measure to deal with the situationwhen the 13th Dalai Lama left for India, and didnot give him another opportunity.The decayedQing court’ s inconsistency was really too excessive,and, the impact of the 13th Dalai Lama’ sstay in India for nearly two years, from March1910 to May 1912, was huge.
On one hand, the 13th Dalai Lama began torely on Britain.In India, the 13th Dalai Lamacame to know a lot of officials in British India, includingBell.No matter that Britain invaded Tibetin the past, during the period of exile of the 13thDalai Lama, the “enthusiastic reception” offeredto the 13th Dalai Lama by the British governmentand Bell was a big contrast to the attitude of theQing court.Although British internal recognitionof the value and usefulness of the 13th Dalai Lamadiffered, everyone was confident regarding the 13thDalai Lama’ s influence.Although the Britishhad slandered the backwardness and ignorance ofTibetan society, they were generous to TibetanBuddhism.The 13th Dalai Lama was quite fearfulwhen he first arrived in India, but after two yearshe was gradually influenced by British colonial ag -gressive thinking, especially as he began intuitivelyto understand the western governmental systemand industrial science in India, he began to thinkto “modernize” Tibet by depending on Britain.Inaddition, while the Dalai Lama was staying in India,the British government conveniently cultivateda group of Tibetan anglophiles, and, thus,nurtured a mechanism for communicating withhigh-level Tibetans, and, thus formed a new wayto invade Tibet.The power of the Tibetan anglophilewas very strong, and they continued their influencein Tibet in the following decades in history.On the other hand, the British governmentcompletely abandoned the strategy of invading Tibetthrough military force, and started to use theway of giving support to the upper classes in Tibetto invade the sovereignty of China.In the periodof the Republic China, the issues related to Tibetbecame more international and complicated.
In brief, the period from 1910 to 1912 wasnot only an era in which China’ s political situationchanged rapidly, but was also an importantperiod in the life of the 13th Dalai Lama, one ofreligious leaders in Tibet.The last feudal empirein China ended, and the newborn central politicalpower was not able to maximize the integration .All Chinese people in the field of politics would encounterthe question of making a choice on the po -litical route, and there was no exception for the 13th Dalai Lama.Therefore, people should notdemand the 13th Dalai Lama to transcend historywhile he was facing a world of chaos.