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槲寄生属半寄生类植物,主要分布于欧洲及东亚,中国、韩国和日本很早以前就将其作为治疗用药。自上世纪二十年代,欧洲槲寄生提取物因具有免疫调节、抑制细胞生长/细胞毒素和稳定 DNA 活性的作用,在欧洲被广泛应用于癌症的辅助治疗。对于槲寄生,其主要生物活性是糖粘合蛋白,槲寄生外源凝集素类和名为粘毒素的微蛋白。槲寄生外源凝集素类是毒性植物血凝素,糖和复合糖类(包括半乳糖和/或 N-乙酰半乳糖胺)家族中的成员。活体内、外实验证实,植物体内分离出的槲寄生植物血凝素与重组合成的相比,在槲寄生提取物中起着更重要的生物活性作用。实验提示:甙类,多糖,胺类等其他成份也有抗癌活性。目前,在欧洲,关于抗癌治疗中是使用纯植物提取物还是植物血凝素的单一成份这一原则问题,包括使用野生植物凝血素还是重组的,正在讨论中。而商业性槲哥生的制备、鉴定、标准化及其生物活性测定也在讨论中。
Mistletoe is a semi-parasitic plant, mainly distributed in Europe and East Asia. China, South Korea and Japan used it as a therapeutic drug long ago. Since the 1920s, the European mistletoe extract has been widely used in the adjuvant treatment of cancer because of its immunoregulatory, cytostatic/cytotoxic and stable DNA activity. For mistletoe, the main biological activities are sugar-binding proteins, mistletoe lectins, and microproteins called myxotoxins. Mistletoe lectins are members of the family of toxic phytohaemagglutinins, sugars and complex carbohydrates (including galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine). The in vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that the mistletoe lectin isolated from the plant body plays a more important biological activity in the mistletoe extract than the recombinant synthesis. Experiments show that steroids, polysaccharides, amines and other ingredients also have anti-cancer activity. At present, in Europe, the question of whether the use of pure plant extracts or single components of lectin in anticancer treatment, including the use of wild plant prothrombin or recombination, is under discussion. The preparation, identification, standardization and determination of biological activity of commercially available vitamins are also under discussion.