16至17世纪即明末清初易世之际,是一个中国社会发生深刻变革的时代。明末以利玛窦为代表的西方传教士开始多层面地影响到中国人的思想。中国内部如江浙、南粤一带亦已孕生了资本主义的生产因素。这些表明当时的中国和西方有某种程度的同步性。清初满族入主中原,则带来了异族的文化影响因素。而具体到绘画层面,明末董其昌确立的“南北宗”论成为了文人画理论的高峰,对后世影响甚巨。 The 16th and 17th centuries, that is, the end of the Ming, the early Qing and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, was an era of profound changes in Chinese society. Western missionaries represented by Matteo Ricci at the end of the Ming Dynasty began to influence the Chinese people’s thinking in many aspects. The internal factors of capitalism such as Jiangsu and Zhejiang and southern Guangdong have also been born. These show that there was some degree of synchronicity between China and the West at that time. The Manchus entered the Central Plains in the early Qing Dynasty, bringing with them the cultural influence of the interracial people. On the specific level of painting, the “Southern and Northern Zongs” theory established by Dong Qichang at the end of the Ming Dynasty became the peak of the theory of literati painting and had a huge impact on future generations.