Periostin in cerebrovascular disease

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Cerebrovascular diseases, which include ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, remain serious conditions with high mortality and disability worldwide (He et al., 2018). Ischemic stroke accounts for around 80% of all strokes (He et al., 2018). Hemorrhagic stroke consisting of intra-cerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) occurs less frequently but may cause poorer outcomes than ischemic stroke (Ji et al., 2017; Luo et al., 2018). It is also well known that aneurysmal SAH may have delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI): thus aneurysmal SAH has both characteristics of hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes (Kanamaru et al., 2019). In spite of enormous efforts to improve outcomes, no conclu-sive treatment exists thus far, once stroke is completed.
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