本文对从图灵试验的启示到知识工程的兴起这一人工智能及其应用发展的历史阶段进行了回顾。概述了计算机下棋的兴起与困难;机器翻译早期的挫折;从自动定理证明到通用问题求解器(GPS)的探索;从早期的感知器(perceptron)到当今的神经元计算(neurocomputing);机器人的幻想与现实;专家系统的成功、问题与知识工程的兴起等方面。阐明“没有不依赖于知识的GPS”这一结论对推动人工智能应用发展的意义。指出人工智能面临困难的根源在于“思维即计算”这一认识及其图灵计算模型理论上的局限性,以及基于诺依曼机的实现环境在技术上的局限性。因此,一方面在近代计算机技术的基础上研究开发新一代智能信息处理系统已成为一个主流方向。其目的是要为人工智能应用提供更为有效的开发/运行环境;另一方面,为了在人工智能、乃至计算机科学理论上有所突破,必须“向生命学习”,从学科交叉的新领域——恩维科学获得启示。文中还概述了“人类前沿科学计划”的意义。 This article reviews the historical stage from the enlightenment of Turing test to the rise of knowledge engineering, which is the development of artificial intelligence and its applications. An overview of the rise and difficulty of chess in computer games; early setbacks in machine translation; exploration of general problem solvers (GPS) from automated theorems; from early perceptron to current neurocomputing; Fantasy and reality; the success of expert systems, problems and the rise of knowledge engineering. Clarifying the conclusion that “there is no GPS independent of knowledge” is of great significance for promoting the development of artificial intelligence applications. It points out that the root cause of artificial intelligence is the theoretical thinking of “thinking and computing” and its theoretical model of Turing, as well as the technical limitations of the realization environment based on Neumann machine. Therefore, on the one hand, research and development of a new generation of intelligent information processing system based on modern computer technology has become a mainstream direction. Its purpose is to provide a more effective development / runtime environment for AI applications. On the other hand, in order to make breakthroughs in artificial intelligence and computer science theory, it is necessary to “learn from life” Envio Science Enlightenment. The article also outlines the significance of the “Human Frontier Science Project.”