组蛋白赖氨酸三甲基转移酶（SET domain containing 2，SETD2）基因位于人类第三号染色体短臂的2区1带（3p21.31）位点，长度约为147kb，编码人源含SET结构域蛋白SETD2，能特异性催化组蛋白H3第36位赖氨酸的三甲基化（Trimethylation of lysine 36 of Histone H3，H3K36me3）。SETD2参与DNA转录延伸、损伤修复、可变剪切、基因表达修饰、免疫应答、胚胎发育和血管生成等生物学过程。SETD2在肾细胞癌、胃癌、间皮瘤等多种肿瘤中都发生了突变或失活，主要通过抑制转录延伸、损伤修复、细胞周期进展、凋亡和细胞代谢等过程促进肿瘤的发生发展。SETD2的表达水平与癌症的临床病理参数和患者生存结局也密切相关。在肿瘤治疗上，SETD2的突变或失活可增强G2M细胞周期阻断剂、PI3K（磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶）-AKT（蛋白激酶B）抑制剂和铂类的抑癌效果，西奈芬近衍生物可直接靶向抑制SETD2蛋白，因此SETD2被认为是潜在的表观遗传治疗靶点，在相关癌症的诊疗研究中有较大的研究前景。“,”The human epigenetic gene of SET domain containing 2 (SETD2) is located at the cytogenetic band p21.31 of chromosome 3, which encodes the histone3 lysine36 trimethyltransferase SETD2, the major enzyme that catalyzes the trimethylation of lysine 36 on histone 3 (H3K36me3) of human. SETD2 involves in many pathologic and physiological processes such as transcriptional elongation, DNA damage repair, alternative splicing, epigenetic modifications of gene expression, viral immunology, embryonic development, and angiogenesis. A growing list of tumor types including renal cell carcinoma and mesothelioma develops with mutation or inactivation of SETD2. SETD2 loss-of-function promotes the occurrences and development of cancers by inhibiting process of transcription extension, damage repair, cell cycles, apoptosis and cell metabolism. The under expression and mutation of SETD2 is synthetically lethal with the inhibition of G2M checkpoint and PI3K-AKT pathway and SETD2 is considered as a potential epigenetic therapy targets. Furthermore, a loss of SETD2 indicates worse pathological features. There are huge prospects in the diagnosis and treatment of related cancers.