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美国静水(Stillwater)隧洞中剪碎岩页的剥落与挤压作用使隧洞用掘进机掘进时遇到许多严重问题,造成合同终止。最后使用两台为挤压地层特殊设计的掘进机才挖通隧洞。尽管在所有的地质条件下页岩都显示出其响应随时间而变化,但只有在剪碎页岩充填有大量粘土断层泥时才会有明显的挤压现象,这种地段粘土断层泥的蠕变是控制岩土响应的主要机理。然而,当隧洞掌子面的推进速度低时,观测到的地层早期挤压主要是由于掌子面的推进而产生的应力变化,而不是蠕变引起的。由于这种薄层状页岩中的裂隙与裂缝很发育,因此剪碎的页岩中岩土的剥落十分明显。第一次使用的掘进机主要由于护盾设计不符合剪碎页岩的实际状况而失败、深入的调查研究与仪器观测为在不稳定地层中进行隧洞快速机械掘进提供了有价值的信息。
Spalling and crushing of the cuttings in the Stillwater Tunnel in the United States resulted in a number of serious problems in tunneling with a boring machine, resulting in the termination of the contract. Finally, two tunnel boring machines specially designed for crushing the formation were used to dig the tunnel. Although shale shows a response that changes over time under all geological conditions, significant compression occurs only when the sheared shale is filled with a large amount of clay fault mud, Variable is the main mechanism to control the geotechnical response. However, when the advancing speed of the tunnel face is low, the observed early extrusion of the formation is mainly caused by the stress changes caused by the advancing of the face, rather than creep. Because of the development of fissures and fractures in this thin layer of shale, the detachment of rock and soil in the shattered shale is significant. The first boring machine used failed primarily because the shield design did not fit the actual situation of shattering shales. In-depth investigation and instrumentation provided valuable information for fast tunneling in unstable formations.