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托克维尔是一位致力于分析现代民主社会的道德哲学家。从贵族社会向民主社会过渡、身份趋向平等这一“源发性事实”出发,托克维尔发现,现代民主社会在政治上将表现为两种形态:民主的自由抑或民主的专制。如何防止行政集权逐步消磨民众意志,破坏他们的公共精神?如何在一个日益拉平的社会重新树立自由?托克维尔指出,真正自由的实现不仅需要诸如地方自治、结社、言论、出版等诸多外在的法制保障,更需要公民灵魂的实质提升;在物欲泛滥、人人为已的民主时代,如何使人们对自利有开明的理解,重新唤起人们的宗教信仰,节制人们的欲望。现代民主革命是通向自由还是通向奴役?这不仅关涉政治,更关涉道德。民主革命留给现代立法者的是重建政治秩序和灵魂秩序这一双重任务,它不仅是大革命后的法国人面临的重大课题,也是21世纪中国的先知先觉者必须承担的伟业。
Tocqueville is a moral philosopher dedicated to the analysis of modern democratic society. Proceeding from the “originality ” of the transition from aristocratic society to democratic society and identity towards equality, Tocqueville found that modern democratic society would appear politically as two forms: democratic freedom or democratic autocracy. How to prevent administrative centralization from gradually reducing the will of the people and undermining their public spirit? How to re-establish freedom in an increasingly besieged society? Tocqueville pointed out that the realization of true freedom requires not only the many externalities such as local autonomy, association, speech and publication How to make people have an open understanding of self-interest, to arouse people’s religious beliefs and control people’s desires. Is the modern democratic revolution leading to freedom or to slavery? This is not only about politics but also about morality. The dual task left behind by the democratic revolution for the modern legislator is to rebuild the political order and the spiritual order. It is not only a major issue for the French people after the Great Revolution but also the great undertaking to be undertaken by prophets of China in the 21st century.