The rapid development of modern industrial technologies has resulted in the emission of"three wastes" in large quantities,which has led to environmental pollution,ecological damag-e,and threats to human health.The challenges facing nature are becoming more and more sev-ere.Among the many pollutants,heavy metal ion pollution has attracted widespread attention due to its great harm,wide range,and enrichment.Therefore,the study of rapid,simple,sensit-ive and on-line detection methods for heavy metal ions has become an important issue in the field of environmental monitoring and industrial process control.This paper explored the preparation of all-solid-state pZn sensors based on graphite electr-ode-modified electroactive materials.According to the difference of KSp(ms),a funct-ionalized pX chemical sensor was constructed by ion exchange.At the same time,all solid-state miniat-ure Sb-SbxOy-pH electrodes were studied.Based on the performance of the bare Ag-AgCl el-ectrode,an all-solid-state complex pH sensor was assembled.(1)By optimizing the preparation method of electroactive substances and the composite-on of sensitive membranes,the optimum ratio of hydrothermal preparation and nZns:nAg2s=2:1 and the hydrophobic pretreatment process of graphite matrix electrode were determined;(2)The all-solid-state pZn sensor has a linear response range of 1.00×10-1 to 1.00×10-4 mol/L,a detection limit of 4.38×10-5 mol/L,a response slope of-25.8 mV/pZn,and a response time of<1 min.Potential shift AE≤0.1 mV/h;Determination of Zn2+ standard solution(n=10),RSD≤6.89%;(3)The thermodynamic response mechanism of the all-solid-state pZn sensor is discussed.The formula derivation proves that the ion exchange equilibrium process is the main step to control the electrode response;(4)According to the Ksp(ms)of the electroactive material,the pZn sensor was converted to pX sensor(pAg,pCd,pCu)by ion exchange.The linear range was 10"1 to 10-5 mol/L,and the detection limit was 5.41×10-6 mol/L,response slope of 30.0 mⅤ/pⅪ,57.3 mⅤ/pⅫ,response time ≤ 1 min,breaking through the limitations of ion sensors can only measure one ion;(5)All-solid micro-compound pH sensor response range 2 to 12,response slope-58.5 mV/pH,response time ≤ 30 s,stability △E ≤ 0.33 mV/h,pH standard buffer solution(n=10),RSD ≤ 0.55%,used for the actual sample pH measurement,compared with the pH glass electr-ode,△ pH ≤0.13;(6)Stability of exposed Ag-AgCl reference electrode(AE ≤ 0.2 mV/h),reproducibility(RSD ≤ 7.81%),good reversibility,low temperature effect(0.20 mV/℃),and calomel The electrode eliminates the liquid junction potential.