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In the era of targeted therapy, it is critical to validate target expression in tumor biopsies.More importantly, the observed clinical activity can be attributable to the presence of target at baseline and modulation of the target after treatment.This requires precisely locate and quantitatively evaluate the target and its downstream pathway endpoints of the targeted agents and novel cytotoxic agents.Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been playing an important role in tumor characterization, marker prognosis and predicting treatment efficacy and/or toxicity due to its facility to detect the target proteins in situ.