Temperature extremes and air pollution both pose significant threats to human health,but it remains uncertain whether pollutants effects on mortality are modified by temperature levels. In this review,we summarized ep-idemiologic evidence on the modification by temperature of the acute effects of air pollutants on non-accidental and cardiovascular mortality. The EMBASE,PubMed,ProQuest Dissertations and Theses,and Elsevier Science Direct databases were used to identify papers published up to 2nd December 2014. Studies with appropriate de-sign,exposures and outcome indicators,quantitative estimates and high/intermediate quality were included.Twenty-one studies met the inclusion criteria,of which 12 reported the effects of PM10 on mortality modified by temperature,10 studied O3,and the rest examined NO2,SO2,PM2,5,PM10-2 5,CO and black smoke. We divided temperature into low,medium,and high categories as defined in each study. In high temperature days,a 10 pg/m3 increment in PM10 concentration corresponded to pooled estimates of 0.78% (95% CI:0.44%,1.11%) and 1.28% (0.66%,1.91%) increase in non-accidental and cardiovascular mortality,both statistically signif-icantly higher than the estimates in medium temperature stratum. Pooled effects of O3 on non-accidental mor-tality on low and high temperature days were increases of 0.48% (0.28%,0.69%) and 0.47% (0.32%,0.63%)respectively,for 10 μg/m3 increase in exposure,both significantly higher than the increase of 0.20% (0.07%,034%) on medium temperature days. The effect of O3 on cardiovascular mortality was strongest on high temper-ature days with pooled estimate of 1.63% (1.14%,2.13%). No significant interactions between SO2/NO2 and tem-perature were detected by meta-analysis. Other pollutants were not analyzed due to the lack of suitable studies.In summary,we observed interactions between high temperature and PM10 and O3 in the effects on non-accidental and cardiovascular mortality. Low temperature modified the effects of air pollutants but not in a con-sistent fashion:the effect of PM10 oncardiovascular mortality was diminished but the association between O3 and non-accidental mortality was strengthened.