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Primary culture of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) is used extensively for in vitro studies of the physiology and pathophysiology of numerous lung diseases,including chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (CHPH).Despite the potentially important roles of pulmonary veins in CHPH,primary culturing of pulmonary venous smooth muscle cells (PVSMCs) has received very little attention to date.No efficient and widely accepted methods have been established.Consequently,related studies have been delayed,which inhibits progress in exploring the mechanisms of CHPH and other lung diseases.