Recognizing that rare materials and wastes in mining and processing is important sources arising human enhanced natural radiation,Ministry of Environment Protection of Republic of China (MEP) organized first nation-wide survey on activity concentration of natural radionuclides in mining and processing industries during 2006-2009 to learn and collect basically information.The MEP established specifically technical programme involving survey content,sampling and measurement method,data requirement and quality assurance to assure meeting the survey objects.The 11 industries and more than ten thousand enterprises associated NORM are involved,including rare earth,niobium/tantalum,zircon,phosphate,lead/Zinc,copper,iron,coal,aluminum,zinc and vanadium.The y dose rate and activity concentrations of U,232Th and 226Ra in natural ores and residues (slag,tailing and ash) were measured and analyzed by professional staff in provincial organizations responsible for radiation monitoring.The results indicate that natural ores and residues of rare earth,niobium/tantalum,zircon and vanadium industries have higher radioactivity level and average activity concentration of natural radionuclides is greater than IOOOBg/kg.At the beginning of nation-wide survey,the Baiyun Ebo Mine,which is largest mine iron associated with rare earth mine in China,was selected as experimental case to survey.The y dose rate,activity concentrations of natural radionuclide in ores,slag from extracting iron and rare earth,as well as Radon and Thorn concentration in some workplace was measurement and analyzed by professional staff from technical support organization.For comparison,the environmental radiation level in soil and atmosphere was surveyed and exposure dose was estimated.The survey the activity concentration of 232Th in ores,tailing and slag arsing from extracting rare earth is greater than show IOOOBg/kg.The 232Th contained in ores are mainly concentrated in solid waste,such as tailing and slag during processing and extracting iron and rare earth.Large amounts of radioactivity contamination have been generated and some have caused radioactivity impact to vicinity environment,so comprehensive control and remediation measures should be taken.