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In order to study whether endothelial progenitor cells in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular diseases express osteocalcin in vivo and to investigate the possible mechanism of EPCs participating calcification, we carried out case-control study in vivo and induced differenctiation of EPCs in vitro.Compared to control, patients with cerebral ischemia had about 3-fold increase in the number and the percentage of osteocalcin positive (OCN+) EPCs.Patients with vessel calcification had higher percentage of OCN+ EPCs than those without calcification.Logistic analysis showed that the percentage of OCN+ EPCs was an independent risk factor for cerebral ischemia.BMEPCs got spindle-like shapes and partly expressed CD133, CD34 and KDR and took in endothelial specific fluoresceins.