With the effective completion of the human and other genome sequences,DNA microarrays have been widely applied in genomics.A main challenge,however,is how best to apply microarray analysis for routine clinical practice.Within the clinical setting,many applications are in need of less expensive assays,fast testing and small starting samples.Limitations of conventional microarrays include slow hybridization kinetics that requires long incubation times and the need for large amounts of starting material.Therefore,conventional microarrays may not represent the most cost-effective option for routine applications.