Background: Our previous study demonstrated donor mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)could prolong vascularized composite allotransplant(VCA)survival.However,recipient adipose tissue is easier to harvest than donor tissue for pre-conditioning MSCs.This study investigated the efficacy of recipient autologous adipose-derived stem cells(rASCs)for VCA survival.Methods: Heterotopic hind-limb transplantation from female donors to male recipients was performed in out-bred miniature swine.Group-Ⅰ were untreated controls.Group-Ⅱ obtained rASC infusions(given on days 0,+7,+14,and+21).Group-Ⅲ obtained Tacrolimus(FK506,day 0~+28).Group-Ⅳ obtained irradiation(day-1),FK506(day 0~+28),and rASC infusions(day 0,+1,+7,+14,+21).Tissue samples were biopsied,and flow cytometry was performed to quantify T cell populations.ELISAs were used to measure the levels of TGF-β,IL-10,and TNF-α.Sex-determining region of Y-chromosome(SRY)expression of donor tissue was detected by using polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and immunohistochemical staining.Results: Treatment with multiple injections of rASCs along with irradiation and FK506 resulted in statistical increases in allograft survival.The percentage of CD4+/CD25+/foxp3+regulatory T-cells revealed a significant increase in the rASC-irradiation-FK506 group as compared to controls.Analysis of recipient peripheral blood revealed that TGF-βl was significantly increased in the rASC-irradiation-FK506 group.The immunohistochemical staining and PCR analysis showed recipient sex-determining region of Y-chromosome(SRY)gene expression existed in donor allo-tissues in the rASC-irradiaion-FK506 group.Conclusion: Recipient ASCs in addition to irradiation and transient immunosuppressant treatment could prolong allotransplant survival,modulate T-cell regulation and enhance recipient cells engraftment into the allotransplant tissues.