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本文以1913年中蒙战争为主,阐述了中蒙间统独纷争及其武装冲突发生、发展过程。1911年底,外蒙古宣布独立,建立博克多汗制蒙古国。库伦政府(即博克多汗政府)将独立宣言及时告知内蒙古各盟、旗,内蒙古部分地区也武装起义,要求加入蒙古国。库伦政府决定出兵南下,用武力解决内蒙古问题。北京政府为了控制内蒙古也动用武力。蒙兵南下并非沙俄唆使所致,实为内蒙古方面请求外蒙古派军和库伦政府本身的军事策划而引起的。1913年初,蒙古军分五路向内蒙古进攻,蒙古五路军取得普遍胜利。1913年10月止,蒙古军队基本上控制了内蒙古各盟、旗,但同时开始面临后方补给停止的局面。同月下旬,民国军开始反击,蒙古军无法再展开军事行动,年底开始从内蒙古撤军。蒙古军失败的主要原因是武器短缺和俄国政府极力反对这场战争。这场持续一年的战争给内蒙古地区造成重大灾难。民间称其为“牛年之乱”“üker jil-ün uimegen)。
Based on the Sino-Mongol war in 1913, this essay elaborates the mediation and disputes between the two countries and the occurrence and development of their armed conflicts. By the end of 1911, Mongolia declared its independence and established the Burkhan Khan for Mongolia. The Kulun Government (ie, the government of Boxer Khan) promptly informed the Inner Mongolia allies and banners of the League of Independent Ministers and the armed insurrection in some areas of Inner Mongolia and asked to join Mongolia. The Kurun government decided to send troops to the south and use force to solve the problem in Inner Mongolia. The Beijing government also used force in order to control Inner Mongolia. The invasion of Mongolia by troops southwards was not caused by the incitement of Tsarist Russia, but was actually caused by the military planning by Inner Mongolia that asked the Mongolian troops sent by Mongolia and the Kulun Government itself. Early in 1913, Mongolia attacked Inner Mongolia on the 5th route and Mongolia’s Fifth Route Army won the general victory. By October 1913, the Mongolian troops basically controlled all the Inner Mongolia allies and flags, but at the same time began to face the situation where the rear supply was stopped. Later that month, the Republic of China Army started a counterattack, and the Mongolian Army could no longer conduct military operations. At the end of the year, it began to withdraw its forces from Inner Mongolia. The main reason for the Mongolian defeat was the shortage of weapons and the Russian government strongly opposed the war. This year-long war has caused a major disaster in Inner Mongolia. Civilians call it the ”Year of the Ram“ ”üker jil-ün uimegen."