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Dynamic prediction is an important statistical tool for aiding medical decision-making,such as early detection of disease onset,post-treatment monitoring of disease prognosis.For this purpose,subjects biomarker values are repeatedly measured over time during follow-up visits.Pre-dictions are conducted on a real-time basis so that at any time during follow-up,as soon as a new biomarker value is obtained,the prediction can be updated immediately to reflect the latest prognosis.