Drug induced liver injury (DILI), which nowadays is well accepted to include drugs and natural toxins (such as herbal remedies and dietary supplements) induced liver injury, is a severe and potentiall
The impact of gut microbiota on the response and metabolism of xenobiotics has been extensively investigated and recognized in recent decades. In particular, gut microbiota have been found to exert va
Bilirubin-related adverse reactions (ADR, e.g., jaundice and hyperbilirubinemia) induced by herbs rich in certain polyphenolic acids are widely reported.
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1-catalyzed glucuronidation is an important elimination pathway of flavonoids, and mutually inhibitory interactions may occur when two or more flavonoids are coadmi
The proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter PHT1 (SLC15A4), which facilitates cross-membrane transport of histidine and small peptides from inside the endosomes or lysosomes to cytosol, plays an impor
L-C arnitine is an essential cofactor in the transport of long-chain fatty acids from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix where β-oxidation takes place.
Shengxiong glucose injection (SGI), a traditional Chinese medicine injection produced by Guizhou with sales of 1.2 billion per year, is clinically effective and widely used for the treatment of variou