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Transformation of mammary epithelial cells by estrogen is a process that indicates progression to a cancerous state,yet the mechanism(s)underlies this transformation is not fully understood.We therefore sought to address whether17β-estradiol(E2)stimulates transformation and expression of focal adhesion kinase(FAK)in mammary epithelial cells,and the role of G protein coupled receptor(GPER)in the E2 actions.