The development of new fuels from biomass is one promising technology for future energy supply.In the design process,the mixing efficiency of such novel biofuels needs to be characterized.The analysis of the impact of flow structures down to the characteristic length scales allows to qualitatively and quantitatively assess combustion efficiency of novel biofuels given certain mixing characteristics.Since fuel droplet size and velocity distributions,and hence the mixture formation process,are strongly influenced by primary breakup,simulations and complementary measurements in the dense spray region close to the orifice are very helpful.In this work,a novel framework combining high-fidelity primary breakup simulations in the vicinity of the nozzle exit with Lagrangian spray simulations is presented and applied to different fuels.This approach benefits from both,the high accuracy of the 3D unsplit forward/backward Volume-of-Fluid(VOF)method that is coupled to a Level Set(LS)method(3DU-CLSVOF)and the wide applicability of Lagrangian spray simulations.The simulation results are compared in terms of droplet size distribution with experimental data from Phase Doppler Anemometry(PDA)and microscopic images.Finally,the framework is used for predicting the evolution of the droplet size distribution of different biofuels along the spray plume axis.