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Energy loss(Eloss),defined as the difference between optical band gap(Eg)and open-circuit voltage(Voc),is a key parameter to restrict the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of solar cells.According to Shockley-Queisser limit,Eloss is about 0.3 eV in ideal solar cells due to radiative recombination,while real solar cells always provide high Eloss.For instance,single-crystal Si solar cells show Eloss of 0.41 eV with a high PCE above 25%.