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Background: Asthmatic airway remodeling is an abnormal injury/repair process of small airway on the basis of chronic inflammation, in which the quantities of multiple lung parenchyma cells dramatically increase.However, the origin of these proliferative cells is still not clearly elucidated.Objective: The aim of this study is to examine whether bone-marrow derived adult stem cells are responsible for the proliferative cells in asthmatic airway remodeling.Methods: Adult mice were durably engrafted with BM isolated from GFP transgenic mice.Using GFP BM chimera mice, OVA-induced chronic asthma mouse model were established.The distribution of BM-derived GFP+ cells in the lung of chronic asthma mice was detected by fluorescence microscopy.The phenotype of BM-derived GFP+ cells in the lung tissues of chronic asthma mice was analyzed by flow cytometry.Results: BM-chimera mice were successfully constructed, with no detectable radioactive inflammation observed.Using BM-chimera mice, we established a mouse model of chronic asthma characterized by significant increment of the thickness of airway subepithelial base membrane and smooth muscle layers.OVA treatment caused many GFP+ cells to appear in the sites of small airway inflammation.The extravascular localization of some GFP+ cells and their morphology was not consistent with leukocytes.Flow-cytometric analysis of lung cells revealed a significant increase in Col I+GFP+ cells and α-SMA+GFP+ cells in OVA-treated GFP BM chimera mice.Conclusions: Considerable Col I-producing cells and α-SMA-producing cells originated from bone marrow in the lung tissues of OVA-induced chronic asthma mice and bone-marrow derived adult stem cells are at least partly responsible for asthmatic airway remodeling.