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酒精是人类知道的最古老精神性药物。美国约有9000万人服某种形式的酒精性饮料,有些是偶尔为之,有些只中量但却经常如此(“社交饮酒者”),有些则是大量饮用(“大量饮酒者”)。大约有1000万美国人的饮酒量已达到造成个人和(或)社会调节困难的程度(“问题饮酒者”),他们中间,大约有600万人由于长期大量饮酒而陷于酒精依赖性的不光彩境地(“酒精中毒”)。与滥饮有关的临床综合征一般不外以下四类:(1)急性酒精中毒,(2)酒精依赖性或“酒精中毒”,(3)急性戒酒综合征,(4)医学合并症。像滥用其它任何精神性药物一样,滥饮酒精也是一种特定药物对特定的个体的作用结果。临床所见滥饮综合征直接原因是乙醇对人体组织的药物学影响,继发原因则是机体对过多乙醇产生的适应性反应(耐受性和躯体依赖性)。
Alcohol is the oldest psychic drug known to mankind. Some 90 million people in the United States serve some form of alcoholic beverages, some occasionally, some in moderate but often so many (“social drinkers”) and some in large quantities (“heavy drinkers”). About 10 million Americans have reached the level of alcohol (“drinkers”) that cause personal and / or social difficulties, and about 6 million of them suffer from alcohol dependence due to long periods of heavy drinking Situation (“alcoholism”). There are generally no more than four categories of clinical syndromes associated with abuse of drinking: (1) acute alcoholism, (2) alcohol dependence or “alcoholism”, (3) acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome, and (4) medical comorbidity. Alcohol abuse, like any other psychotropic substance, is also the result of the action of a particular drug on a particular individual. Clinically, the main reason for abuse of drinking syndrome is the pharmacological effect of ethanol on human tissues. The secondary cause is the adaptive response of the body to excessive ethanol (tolerance and somatic dependence).