在苏联的历史上,人们多次试图提高经济效益。这些努力分为三大类:改变制订计划的方法、组织调整,以及在管理工作中用经济杠杆取代指令原则。在不同时期,有不同的重点,取决于不同的领导人和支持他们势力的看法。近几年来,由于比较廉价的投入储备已经枯竭,改变管理体制便成为最受人欢迎的办法。这说明苏联日益认识到:没有某种市场机制这只看不见的手的帮助,那么中央计划和控制这只突出的手就会行不通。 In the history of the Soviet Union, many attempts have been made to increase economic efficiency. These efforts fall into three broad categories: changing the method of planning, organizing the adjustment, and replacing the principle of instruction with economic leverage in management. At different times, different priorities depend on the different leaders and their support. In recent years, changing the regulatory regime has become the most welcome approach as cheaper input reserves have dried up. This shows that the Soviet Union is increasingly realizing that without the help of an invisible hand of a market mechanism, the central plan and control of this outstanding hand will not work.