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商代时期小臣的地位和职务性质曾是许多学者的研究对象,但西周时期小臣的职位性质及其发展尚未得到学术界的深入关注。本文从研究方法讨论出发,先从“作器者非小臣”类青铜器铭文内容中重构西周时期小臣的基本职责范围,然后从“作器者为小臣”类铜器铭文中补充关于小臣职位归属的其他信息。小臣在王朝日常仪式中起了较重要的作用,除了实用性质以外,其职务亦显现一定的礼仪色彩,而其职务的基本特征可说是在掌握王朝仪注的同时,具备较强的射箭技术、战斗技能。小臣作为周王与贵族交流的中介,与卿士贵族交往频繁,有时也为高级贵族服务。西周中期以后,随着行政管理体系的完善,小臣被纳入周王家政体系,其基本职责范围似未变,但与周王的关系在管理结构上发生一定的疏离。同时崛起的王家管理体系中的其他官员代替小臣担任较有威望的任务,而小臣的职责开始有分化现象,出现“大室小臣”“内小臣”这类职称。这与《周礼》对小臣的职能描述相比,可见明显的差别;同时,了解西周时期小臣职务的特征,在一定的意义上有助于更深入地了解商代小臣的职能。
The position and the nature of ministers in the Shang Dynasty were the objects of study for many scholars. However, the character and development of ministers in the Western Zhou dynasty have not received much attention from the academic circles. Based on the discussion of the research method, this paper first reconstructs the basic duties and responsibilities of the ministers in the Western Zhou Dynasty from the inscription “Bronze Inscriptions” The inscription adds additional information about the veteran position. Xiao Chen played a more important role in the daily rituals of the dynasty. Apart from the practical nature, his position also showed some etiquette, and the basic characteristics of his position were that while holding the dynasty’s notes, he had a strong archery Technology, combat skills. As an intermediary between Wang Zhou and aristocrats, minister Xiao often exchanges frequently with nobility and sometimes serves the noble aristocracy. After the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, with the improvement of the administrative system, the minister was included in the Zhou royal family system, whose basic duties and responsibilities remained unchanged. However, the relationship with the Zhou Dynasty was somewhat alienated from the management structure. At the same time, other officials in the rise of the Wang family management system replaced the minister as a more prestigious task, and the minister’s duties began to differentiate, with the title of “minister, minister, minister.” Compared with Zhou Li’s description of ministers, there are obvious differences. At the same time, knowing the characteristics of ministers in the Western Zhou Dynasty can help to understand more deeply the role of ministers in Shang Dynasty.