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多年以来种子和植物品种不属于知识产权的保护范围。但自从1930年起,知识产权开始覆盖它们。在WTO条款中开始加入贸易相关知识产权(TRIPS)的规定前,各国除非是国际保护植物新品种联盟(UPOV)的成员国,否则没有义务将保护知识产权的范围扩展到它们。除TRIPS的规定外,法律、技术进步和法律阐释诸方面的变化加强了对专利持有者和品种培育者的权利维护,而与此同时农民的权益缩减,甚至得不到任何保护。这个趋势还带有其他影响,例如研究者从事创造发明的权益以及南北在种子和谷物方面特别是诸如大豆这样的转基因作物方面的贸易受到限制。本文倡议以开源(open source)为解决方案并构建一个生物LINUX模型作为备用方案。尽管作者并不认为开源可以是解决一切问题的灵丹妙药,本文点明了开源可能带来的一些机会。本文同时认为,开源会在促进创造发明的同时为公共利益受侵犯的问题提供解决方案。
For many years, seeds and plant varieties did not belong to the scope of intellectual property protection. But since 1930, intellectual property began to cover them. Pending the entry into TRIPS under the terms of the WTO, unless States are members of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV), there is no obligation on the part of States to extend the scope of protection of intellectual property to them. In addition to the provisions of TRIPS, changes in law, technological progress and legal interpretation reinforce the maintenance of the rights of patent holders and cultivators, while at the same time peasants’ rights are diminished without any protection. This trend has other implications, such as the limited interest of researchers in inventing inventions and North-South trade in seeds and grains, particularly genetically modified crops such as soybeans. This paper proposes to open source (open source) as a solution and build a biological LINUX model as a backup solution. Although the author does not believe that open source can be a panacea for everything, this article highlights some of the opportunities open source may bring. At the same time, this paper argues that open source will provide a solution to the problem of violation of public interests while promoting the invention of invention.