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【目的】筛选黄冠梨密植省力化栽培模式下的适宜树形。【方法】以采取倒伞形、“Y”字形、纺锤形、圆柱形整形的黄冠梨幼树为试材,研究4种树形对梨树主要树相指标、树冠光能分布、叶片光合速率和光合色素含量以及果实产量、品质的影响。【结果】在(1m×4m)~(2m×4m)的栽植密度下,纺锤形具有成形快的优点,3年生幼树平均株高2.64m,总枝量54.0条/株,短枝量27.7条/株,短枝量、短枝比例(49.0%)显著高于其他树形。纺锤形总花芽量141.6个/株,顶花芽量50.8个/株,高于其他树形。在相似的疏果(疏花)条件下,纺锤形选留果范围大,平均留果量64.47个/株,果实在树冠内呈立体分布。纺锤形叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素及叶绿素a+b的含量均高于“Y”字形树,而低于圆柱形与倒伞形。纺锤形树冠平均透光率57.58%,有效光辐射702.21μmol/(m2·s),净光合速率17.90μmol/(m2·s),光能利用率高,果实产量达24.56t/hm2;果实可溶性糖含量62.31mg/g,显著高于其他树形树。【结论】纺锤形是黄冠梨密植省力化栽培的适宜树形。
【Objective】 The objective of this study was to screen the appropriate tree shape of Huangguan pear under the intensive cultivation mode. 【Method】 The seedlings of Huang Guan pear with inverted umbrella shape, “Y” shape, spindle shape and cylindrical shape were taken as test materials to study the main tree species index of pear tree, the light energy distribution of canopy, Leaf photosynthetic rate and photosynthetic pigment content and fruit yield and quality. 【Result】 The results showed that spindle shape had the advantage of fast forming under (1m × 4m) ~ (2m × 4m) planting density. The average height of three-year-old saplings was 2.64m, the total number of branches was 54.0, the number of shorts was 27.7 The proportion of short leaves and short branches (49.0%) was significantly higher than that of other trees. The total amount of spindles was 141.6 per plant and the top flower buds was 50.8 per plant, which was higher than other trees. Under similar thinning (thinning) conditions, the range of spindle-shaped retained fruit was large, with an average of 64.47 fruit per plant. The fruit was three-dimensionally distributed within the canopy. The contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and chlorophyll a + b in spindle-shaped leaves were higher than that in the “Y” -shaped tree, but lower than the cylindrical and inverted umbrella. The average light transmittance of spindle-shaped canopy was 57.58%, the effective light radiation was 702.21μmol / (m2 · s), the net photosynthetic rate was 17.90μmol / (m2 · s), the light energy utilization rate was high and the fruit yield was 24.56t / hm2. Sugar content of 62.31mg / g, significantly higher than other trees. 【Conclusion】 Spindle shape is a suitable tree shape for labor-intensive cultivation of Huangguan pear.