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Objective To investigate the possible effects of different exercise intensity on learning-memory of space in aged rats and explore the underlying mechanisms.Methods Fifty Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into 5 groups (n=10 each): young control group (3 months), old control group (16 months), 15 min/d swimming, 30 min/d swimming and exhaustive swimming exercise groups (16 months,Swimming exercise for 5days/week for consecutive 12 weeks).Open-field test was used to test ability of activities and exploration behavior and Morris water maze was used to examine the changes of the abilities of space search, learning and memory in aged rats, respectively.Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the cortex and hippocampus of brain was analyzed by radioimmunoassay.Results Cognitive functions (the abilities of space learning-memory)were significantly decreased in aged rats compared with young control group.Compared with those in aged group, 15 min/d, 30 min/d swimming exercise improved and increased the learning and memorizing ability of aged rats (P<0.01 or P<0.05).But exhausting exercise induced decline of cognitive functions in aged rats.Similarly, AChE activity in the cortex and hippocampus of aged group were significantly above those of young control group (P<0.01).Swimming exercise significantly attenuated aged induced increase of AchE.especially 30 min/d swimming exercise group (P<0.01).Conclusions Proper regularly exercise can improve the abilities of space search, learning and memory in aged rats probably through reducing AChE activity.