Bt toxins derived from the arthropod bacterial pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis are widely used for insect control as insecticides or in transgenic crops.Recent genetic studies in four species of Lepidoptera have found mutations in an ABC transporter in strains that have evolved resistance to Cry 1A toxins.However, only minimal direct evidence is currently available for functional interactions between ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily C member 2 (ABCC2) and Cry toxins.